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Drinking, smoking, and educational achievement: Cross-lagged associations from adolescence to adulthood
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Background Adolescent substance use is associated with lower educational achievement but the directionality of the association remains uncertain. We analyzed data on drinking, smoking and educational achievement to study the associations between substance use and education from early adolescence to young adulthood.Methods Longitudinal data from four time points (ages 12, 14, 17, and 19-27 years) from a population-based cohort study of Finnish twin individuals were used to estimate bivariate cross-lagged path models for substance use and educational achievement, adjusting for sex, parental covariates, and adolescent externalizing behavior. A total of 4761 individuals (49.4% females) were included in the analyses. Educational achievement was assessed with teacher-reported grade point average at ages 12 and 14, and with self-reported student status and completed education at age 17 and in young adulthood. From self-reported questionnaire items, frequency of any drinking, frequency of drinking to intoxication, any smoking and daily smoking were analyzed.Results Alcohol use and smoking behaviors at ages 12 and 14 predicted lower educational achievement at later time points even after previous achievement and confounding factors were taken into account. Lower school achievement in adolescence predicted a higher likelihood of engaging in smoking behaviors but did not predict later alcohol use. Higher educational attainment at age 17 predicted more frequent drinking in young adulthood.Conclusions Adolescent drinking behaviors are associated with lower future educational achievement independently of prior achievement, whereas smoking both predicts and is predicted by lower achievement. Early substance use indexes elevated risk for poor educational outcomes.
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“A recently published longitudinal study including four time points (ages 12, 14, 17 and 19–27) showed that smoking behaviors at ages 12 and 14 predicted a lower academic achievement at later time points, and a lower academic achievement in adolescence predicted a higher likelihood of engaging in smoking behaviors [18].”
From Association of lifestyle habits and academic achievement in Norwegian adolescents: a cross-sectional study (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Latvala, A., Rose, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., Dick, D. M., Korhonen, T., & Kaprio, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Latvala, Antti
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-04
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 106-113
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3964260
- OpenAlex
- W1965959291
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (acceptedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K02AA018755, AA12502, K05AA000145, AA 15416, R01AA012502, R01AA009203, R37AA012502, R01AA015416)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- adolescent substance use, alcohol consumption, smoking, academic performance, cross-lagged associations, adolescence to young adulthood, externalizing problems, grade point average, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Child, Educational Status, Female, Finland, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Population Surveillance, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Models, Educational, Young Adult
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