The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What we know, and don't know, about the impact of state policy and systems-level interventions on prescription drug overdose
Open accessAbstract
Background Drug overdose deaths have been rising since the early 1990s and is the leading cause of injury death in the United States. Overdose from prescription opioids constitutes a large proportion of this burden. State policy and systems-level interventions have the potential to impact prescription drug misuse and overdose.Methods We searched the literature to identify evaluations of state policy or systems-level interventions using non-comparative, cross-sectional, before-after, time series, cohort, or comparison group designs or randomized/non-randomized trials. Eligible studies examined intervention effects on provider behavior, patient behavior, and health outcomes.Results Overall study quality is low, with a limited number of time-series or experimental designs. Knowledge and prescribing practices were measured more often than health outcomes (e.g., overdoses). Limitations include lack of baseline data and comparison groups, inadequate statistical testing, small sample sizes, self-reported outcomes, and short-term follow-up. Strategies that reduce inappropriate prescribing and use of multiple providers and focus on overdose response, such as prescription drug monitoring programs, insurer strategies, pain clinic legislation, clinical guidelines, and naloxone distribution programs, are promising. Evidence of improved health outcomes, particularly from safe storage and disposal strategies and patient education, is weak.Conclusions While important efforts are underway to affect prescriber and patient behavior, data on state policy and systems-level interventions are limited and inconsistent. Improving the evidence base is a critical need so states, regulatory agencies, and organizations can make informed choices about policies and practices that will improve prescribing and use, while protecting patient health.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Legislative efforts at the State level to close “pill mills” have had little discernable impact in reducing opioid use (35).”
From A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence
Balshem, H., Helfand, M., Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Vist, G. E., Falck-Ytter, Y., Meerpohl, J., & Norris, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015 · Cited by 8,285
Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain
Chou, R., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., Adler, J. A., Ballantyne, J. C., Davies, P., Donovan, M. I., Fishbain, D. A., Foley, K. M., Fudin, J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.10.008 · Cited by 2,192
Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
Paulozzi, L. J., Jones, C. M., Mack, K. A., & Rudd, R. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,350
Self-citationPractice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management in the Perioperative Setting
(2012) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e31823c1030 · Cited by 1,335
Medication-Assisted Therapies — Tackling the Opioid-Overdose Epidemic
Volkow, N. D., Frieden, T. R., Hyde, P. S., & Cha, S. S. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1402780 · Cited by 1,014
Walley, A. Y., Xuan, Z., Hackman, H. H., Quinn, E., Doe-Simkins, M., Sorensen-Alawad, A., Ruiz, S., & Ozonoff, A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f174 · Cited by 999
Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain
Noble, M., Treadwell, J. R., Tregear, S., Coates, V. H., Wiffen, P. J., Akafomo, C., Schoelles, K. M., & Chou, R. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006605.pub2 · Cited by 748
Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
(2011) · PubMed · Cited by 640
Clinical Pharmacology of Opioids for Pain
Inturrisi, C. E. (2002) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200207001-00002 · Cited by 570
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs and Death Rates from Drug Overdose
Paulozzi, L. J., Kilbourne, E. M., & Desai, H. A. (2011) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01062.x · Cited by 374
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Brason, 2013, Project Lazarus: an innovative community response to prescription drug overdose, N.C. Med. J., 74, 259
- Florida Medicaid, 2005. Medicaid prescribed drug spending control program initiatives: quarterly report January 1–March 31, 2005. Tallahassee, FL.
- Ma, 2004, Drug take back in Hawaii: partnership between the University of Hawaii Hilo College of Pharmacy and the Narcotics Enforcement Division, Hawaii J. Med. Public Health, 73, 26
- Sacciccio, 2011, Costs of prescription drug abuse in the medicare part D program. Testimony before the US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–273 of 273
McCauley, J. L., Reyes, S. C., Meyerowitz, C., Gordan, V. V., Rindal, D. B., Gilbert, G. H., Leite, R. S., Fillingim, R. B., & Brady, K. T. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1576085 · Cited by 4
Chen, X., Ma, Q., Barron, J. O., DEVRIES, A. R., Horn, J. L., & Agiro, A. (2019) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.3.392 · Cited by 4
Yenerall, J., & McPheeters, M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102662 · Cited by 4
Reducing Problematic Benzodiazepine Use Among Individuals Enrolled in Methadone Treatment Programs
Schuster, J. M., Loveland, D., Parthasarathy, M., Maiolo, N., Cilia, A., & Castelnovo, K. (2016) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000216 · Cited by 4
Whiteside, L., Goldstick, J. E., Dora‐Laskey, A., Thomas, L., Walton, M. A., Cunningham, R. M., & Bohnert, A. S. B. (2018) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2018.4.37019 · Cited by 4
Opportunities to Improve Decision-Making About Opioid Prescribing
Rutkow, L., & Davis, C. S. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3847-3 · Cited by 4
The US Opioid Epidemic: State Laws, Prescription Opioids and CrimePreprint
Deiana, C., & Giua, L. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3445962 · Cited by 4
Scope-of-Practice Laws and Patient Safety: Evidence from the Opioid CrisisPreprint
McMichael, B. J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3300365 · Cited by 4
Behavioral Responses to Supply-Side Drug Policy During the Opioid EpidemicPreprint
Balestra, S., Liebert, H., Maestas, N., & Sherry, T. B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4114797 · Cited by 4
Rodin, R. A., & Smith, C. B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.22.02879 · Cited by 4
Barriers to Increasing Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use
Marie, B. S., Witry, M. J., & Reist, J. C. (2023) · CIN Computers Informatics Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000997 · Cited by 3
Andraka‐Christou, B., McAvoy, E., Ohama, M., Smart, R., Vaiana, M. E., Taylor, E. A., & Stein, B. D. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac124 · Cited by 3
Opioid Prescribing and Physician Autonomy: A Quality of Care Perspective
Barnes, M. R., Giampa, J., & Caron, M. M. (2019) · HSS Journal® The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11420-018-09666-8 · Cited by 3
Xu, J., Gribble, A., Sigelman, D. W., Powell, C., & Lurie, P. G. (2017) · Journal of Medical Regulation · doi:10.30770/2572-1852-103.3.12 · Cited by 3
A Review of Chronic Noncancer Pain: Epidemiology, Assessment, Treatment, and Future Needs
Hah, J. M., & Mackey, S. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.130301 · Cited by 3
Legal Innovations to Advance a Culture of Health
Hodge, J. G., Weidenaar, K., Baker-White, A., Barraza, L. F., Bauerly, B. C., Corbett, A., Davis, C. S., Frey, L. T., Griest, M. M., HEALY, C. S., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/jlme.12328 · Cited by 3
Naumann, R. B., Marshall, S. W., Lund, J. L., Skinner, A. C., Ringwalt, C. L., & Gottfredson, N. C. (2019) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/ncm.80.3.135 · Cited by 3
Swann, W. L., Schreiber, T. L., Wright, S. L., Davis, M. W., Kim, S., Kim, S. Y., Osei‐Kojo, A., & Lamiotte, M. (2020) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000001194 · Cited by 3
Hunt, A. W., Clegg, K. A., Reyes, C. M. D., Riley-Behringer, M., Zyzanski, S. J., & Werner, J. J. (2018) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0000000000000147 · Cited by 3
Smolina, K., Gladstone, E. J., & Morgan, S. G. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0048537 · Cited by 3
Unhealthy Democracy: How Partisan Politics is Killing Rural America
Shepherd, M. E. (2021) · Cited by 3
Declines and pronounced state disparities in prescription opioid distribution in the United StatesPreprint
Madera, J. D., Ruffino, A. E., Feliz, A., McCall, K. L., Davis, C. S., & Piper, B. J. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.21266660 · Cited by 3
Waddell, A., Watterson, J., Basur, D., Prawira, C. O., Picco, L., Lam, T., Olivier, P. L., Seguin, J. P., Kay, L., & Nielsen, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1600836 · Cited by 2
More Than an Opioid Crisis: Population Health and Economic Indicators Influencing Deaths of Despair
Dalphonse, L., Campbell, D. A., Kerr, B. J., Kerr, J. L., & Gadbois, C. (2023) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12546 · Cited by 2
Gunadi, C., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13712 · Cited by 2
Provider availability, disease burdens, and opioid prescriptions
Gearhart, R. S., & Michieka, N. M. (2021) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2021.05.010 · Cited by 2
What do PAs need to know about prescription drug monitoring programs?
Mospan, G. A., & Lucas, A. (2017) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000520545.53946.82 · Cited by 2
New Mexico Nurse‐Midwives’ Controlled Substance Prescribing and Monitoring Practices
Nardini, K., Landen, J., Parshall, M. B., & Cox, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12942 · Cited by 2
Substance Use Policy Interventions: Intended and Unintended Consequences
Paschall, M. J., Yau, R. K., & Ringwalt, C. L. (2019) · Advances in prevention science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00627-3_10 · Cited by 2
Reductions and pronounced regional differences in morphine distribution in the United States
Dowd, M. E., Tang, E. J., Yan, K. T., McCall, K. L., & Piper, B. J. (2023) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.03.003 · Cited by 2
Choosing Opioid Policies Our Patients Can Live With
Stolbach, A. I., & Nelson, L. S. (2016) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.13040 · Cited by 2
Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Formulary Restrictions After Postmarket FDA Black Box Warnings
Solotke, M. T., Ross, J. S., Shah, N. D., Karaca‐Mandic, P., & Dhruva, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.11.1201 · Cited by 2
Burris, S. C. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305678 · Cited by 2
Leveraging the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program to Curb Opioid Prescribing in Arkansas
Hayes, C. J., Goree, J. H., Turpin, J., Ortiz, H., Smith, G. R., Gokarakonda, S. B., Hyde, C., & Cucciare, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-022-00670-7 · Cited by 1
Rodin, R. A., Afezolli, D., Pelleg, A. R., Ahmed, E., Easton, E., & Chen, J. (2025) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.24.0380 · Cited by 1
Effects of Ohio Opioid Prescribing Policy on Postsurgical Prescriptions Following Sports Procedures
Henningsen, J. D., Huff, S., Schneider, A. M., Hijji, F. Y., Froehle, A. W., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2022) · Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association · doi:10.25035/jsmahs.08.03.03 · Cited by 1
Emergency department opioid prescriptions decreased after legislation in New Jersey
Duppong, T., Amato, A., Silverman, M. E., Eskin, B., & Allegra, J. R. (2019) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158394 · Cited by 1
The Effect of State Legislation on Opioid Prescribing Practices Following Gynecologic Surgery
Higgins, T. M., Pham, M. M., McDonald, J., Neveu, M. L., Haslett, W. R., Erekson, E. A., & Wilkinson‐Ryan, I. (2020) · Journal of Gynecologic Surgery · doi:10.1089/gyn.2020.0139 · Cited by 1
Stratégies face à la crise des opioïdes : analyse des revues systématiques
Savard, I., Little, R., Benoît, M., Charette, S., Deschamps, A., & Bissonnet, H. (2021) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/1085170ar · Cited by 1
Kennedy-Hendricks et al. Respond
Kennedy‐Hendricks, A., Richey, M., McGinty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., Barry, C. L., & Webster, D. W. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303227 · Cited by 1
Prescription drug abuse: Implementing an evidence-based pain management protocol
Warren, G. K. P. (2016) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University) · Cited by 1
Norsworthy, S., Shute, R., Daye, C. M., & Presler-Jur, P. (2020) · doi:10.3768/rtipress.2020.cp.0011.2007 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on the Opioid Abuse EpidemicPreprint
Mohammadi, Z. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3107826 · Cited by 1
Part II: Law: Educating and empowering patients and caregivers
Bratberg, J. P., & Jackson, A. N. (2016)
Birk, E. (2017) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
Academic Detailing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Khanal, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811228-1.00005-4
Understanding the Pain Experience of Native Americans: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Katonak, R. L. (2017) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Pain Clinic Laws and Prescription-Opioid Toxicity Among Texas Medicare Enrollees
Raji, M. A., Westra, J. R., & Kuo, Y. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy Technology · doi:10.1177/8755122518778091
Pauly, N. (2018) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2018.160
Combating Rx Drug Misuse: Incarcerated Women’s Proactive and Reactive Policy Recommendations
Owens, J. G., & Smirnova, M. (2018) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403418786549
Striefel, K. L. (2018) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University)
Assessing Sustained and Differential Impacts of North Carolina’s Medicaid "Lock-In" Program
Naumann, R. B. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/0hbn-7774
Prescribing, Prescription Monitoring, and Health Policy
Gordon, A. J., Cochran, G., Smid, M. C., Manhapra, A., & Kertesz, S. G. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16257-3_11
State Drug Policy Effectiveness: Comparative Policy Analysis of Drug Overdose MortalityPreprint
Olson, J., Chen, P.-H. A., White, M., Brennan, N., & Gong, N. (2019) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.01936
Policies affecting the supply and access of opioid analgesics
Chiu, K., McDonald, S., Legg, T., Karanges, E. A., & Bero, L. A. (2019) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00095
Mitigating Accidental Overdose with Improved Screening for Critical Knowledge Gaps in Opioid Users
Moore, E. C. (2019) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Three Essays on Health Economics and Policy Evaluation
Shakya, S. (2020) · doi:10.33915/etd.7767
Commentary: Moving Toward Clear, Evidence-based, and Effective State Policies for Addiction Medicine
Parks, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000862
Prescription Opioid Supply Interventions and Criminal RecidivismPreprint
Osei, B. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4093503
Caltabiano, N., Keifer, A., Espinosa, J. A., Lucerna, A., Tomasello, N., Mordecai, R., Schuitema, H., & Scali, V. (2022) · Mathews Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.30654/mjem.10043
Chiu, K., Thow, A. M., & Bero, L. A. (2022) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6872
Madera, J. D., Ruffino, A. E., Feliz, A., McCall, K. L., Davis, C. S., & Piper, B. J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2365273/v1
Huang, J. N., Gerardi, M. B., Yeargain, O., Senterfitt, T., & Saldiva, M. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2265614
Bersak, T., Gearhart, R. S., & Michieka, N. M. (2023) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/soej.12667
Gunadi, C., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23665234
Declaring and Planning for the Overdose Epidemic: Predictors of Opioid Overdose Policy Enactment
Witkowski, K. G. K. (2025) · Risk Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy · doi:10.1002/rhc3.70000
Reid, J. C., Ren, L., & Kim, Y. (2025) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2025.2587050
Opioid Toxicity Crisis: A View Into the Challenges and Opportunities Ahead—A Narrative Review
Barman, D. D., & Mukesh, M. (2025) · Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine · doi:10.1177/09710973251392677 · Cited by 1
Gunadi, C., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23665231
Huang, C., Chen, X., Deng, Z., Wan, R., Zhang, Y., Zeng, X., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Q., & Li, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10403779/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Haegerich, T. M., Paulozzi, L. J., Manns, B. J., & Jones, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haegerich, Tamara M.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 34-47
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6557270
- OpenAlex
- W2035786417
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 22
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- prescription drug overdose, prescription opioid misuse, state policy, system-level interventions, prescription drug monitoring programs, naloxone distribution, clinical guidelines, inappropriate prescribing, overdose response, patient education, health outcomes, provider behavior
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Policy, Humans, United States, Cohort Studies, Prescription Drugs, Inappropriate Prescribing, Drug Overdose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review