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An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth
Open accessAbstract
Preterm birth (gestational age < 37 completed weeks) has increased in prevalence in most countries in the past 20 years and now affects nearly 11% of all births worldwide. Because of treatment advances introduced in the 1970s-1980s, >95% of preterm infants who receive modern neonatal and pediatric care now survive into adulthood. The earliest birth cohorts to benefit from those advances are now in their 4th and 5th decades of life. A growing number of large cohort studies have investigated the long-term health sequelae in adulthood. Evidence has consistently shown that adult survivors of preterm birth have increased risks of chronic disorders involving various organ systems, including cardiovascular, endocrine/metabolic, respiratory, renal, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, which either persist from childhood into adulthood or sometimes first manifest in adulthood. These disorders also lead to moderately (30% to 50%) increased mortality risks during early to mid-adulthood among persons born preterm compared with full-term, and even higher risks among those born at the earliest gestational ages. However, the majority of persons born preterm have low absolute risks of these outcomes and good self-reported quality of life in adulthood. Priorities for future research include the assessment of long-term health sequelae of preterm birth in racially and economically diverse populations, additional follow-up of existing cohorts into older adulthood, elucidation of outcomes by preterm birth subtype (e.g., different underlying causes) to improve risk stratification, and identification of protective factors that will support the long-term health trajectory and well-being of preterm-born adults.
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“Preterm birth and FGR are clinically observable sentinel phenotypes that may reflect several adverse maternal–placental–fetal pathways and are themselves associated with long-term cardiometabolic risk [97,98,99,100,101].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crump, C.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crump, Casey
- ORCID
- Crump, Casey
- Venue
- Early Human Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 150
- Pages
- 105187
- ISSN
- 0378-3782 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7480736
- OpenAlex
- W3084269468
- Cited by
- 273
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 24.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Early Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
- Keywords
- preterm birth, adult health outcomes, chronic disease risk, cardiovascular disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, kidney disease, neurodevelopmental disorders, mental illness, mortality, quality of life, risk stratification, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Kidney Diseases, Metabolic Diseases, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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