Cited by 29Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationDiabetes and associated disorders

Use of Diabetes Technology in Children

Open access
Desrochers, Hannah R., Schultz, Alan T., Laffel, Lori M.·2020·Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Abstract

The current era has witnessed an explosion of advanced diabetes technologies. Young people with diabetes and their families require detailed, structured diabetes education in order to optimize use of such devices. There is need for youth and their families to participate in the selection of particular devices for personal use and comprehensive education regarding the safe and effective use of such technologies. The education process should ensure that youth and their families receive realistic expectations of what the advanced technologies can and cannot do to avoid disappointment and the premature discontinuation of such systems.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.001

Cites

12 of 12 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • PCOS is associated with serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychosocial comorbidities.

    “PCOS is a disorder that used to be thought to be confined to the reproductive system, but is now thought to be an EST and one with serious metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychosocial comorbidities [2].”

    From Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Its Association with Metabolic Syndrome in Reproductive-Aged Women: A Cross-Sectional Study (2025) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Introduction’s Continuous Glucose Monitoring section discusses children with type 1 diabetes and diabetes technology, not PCOS. Searches for PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the claimed metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychosocial comorbidities found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 43

  1. [1]Phelan H, Lange K, Cengiz E, ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19 Suppl 27: 75– 83. 30175451
  2. [2]American Diabetes Association. 13. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(Suppl 1): S148– S164. 30559239
  3. [3]Foster NC, Beck RW, Miller KM, State of Type 1 Diabetes Management and Outcomes from the T1D Exchange in 2016–2018. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019; 21(2): 66– 72. 30657336 PMC7061293
  4. [4]Scaramuzza AE, Iafusco D, Rabbone I, Use of integrated real-time continuous glucose monitoring/insulin pump system in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a 3-year follow-up study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011; 13(2): 99– 103. 21284475
  5. [5]McGill DE, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Harrington KR, Katz ML, Laffel LM. Baseline Psychosocial Characteristics Predict Frequency of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018; 20(6): 434– 439. 29727245 PMC6014048
  6. [6]Van Name MA, Miller KM, Commissariat PV, Greater parental comfort with lower glucose targets in young children with Type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabet Med. 2019. PMC7027357 31295359
  7. [7]Hilliard ME, Levy W, Anderson BJ, Benefits and Barriers of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019; 21(9): 493– 498. 31287721 PMC6708264
  8. [8]Deiss D, Bolinder J, Riveline JP, Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(12): 2730– 2732. 17130215
  9. [9]Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group. Factors predictive of use and of benefit from continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(11): 1947– 1953. 19675206 PMC2768196
  10. [10]Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(2): 204– 210. 22210571 PMC3263860
  11. [11]Pickup JC, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ. Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data. BMJ. 2011; 343: d3805. 21737469 PMC3131116
  12. [12]Giani E, Snelgrove R, Volkening LK, Laffel LM. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Adherence in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Associations With Biomedical and Psychosocial Variables. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017; 11(3): 476– 483. 27807014 PMC5505422
  13. [15]Markowitz JT, Harrington KR, Laffel LM. Technology to optimize pediatric diabetes management and outcomes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013; 13(6): 877– 885. 24046146 PMC3826790
  14. [16]Laffel L Improved Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in Pediatric Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Results from Two Studies. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016; 18 Suppl 2(S2):S223233. PMC4717517 26784126
  15. [17]Mulinacci G, Alonso GT, Snell-Bergeon JK, Shah VN. Glycemic Outcomes with Early Initiation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Recently Diagnosed Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019; 21(1): 6– 10. 30575413
  16. [18]Sherr JL, Tauschmann M, Battelino T, ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes technologies. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19 Suppl 27: 302– 325. 30039513
  17. [19]Klonoff DC, Buckingham B, Christiansen JS, Continuous glucose monitoring: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96(10): 2968– 2979. 21976745
  18. [20]Bailey TS, Grunberger G, Bode BW, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology 2016 Outpatient Glucose Monitoring Consensus Statement. Endocr Pract. 2016; 22(2): 231– 261. 26848630
  19. [21]American Diabetes A 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(Suppl 1): S61– S70. 30559232
  20. [22]DeSalvo DJ, Miller KM, Hermann JM, Continuous glucose monitoring and glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes: International comparison from the T1D Exchange and DPV Initiative. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19(7): 1271– 1275. 29923262 PMC6175652
  21. [24]Phillip M, Danne T, Shalitin S, Use of continuous glucose monitoring in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(3): 215– 228. 22284160
  22. [25]Tansey M, Laffel L, Cheng J, Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring in adults and youths with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011; 28(9): 1118– 1122. 21692844
  23. [26]Naranjo D, Tanenbaum ML, Iturralde E, Hood KK. Diabetes Technology: Uptake, Outcomes, Barriers, and the Intersection With Distress. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016; 10(4): 852– 858. 27234809 PMC4928242
  24. [27]Barnard KD, Breton MD. Diabetes Technological Revolution: Winners and Losers? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018; 12(6): 1227– 1230. 30035611 PMC6232750
  25. [28]Rodbard D Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of successes, challenges, and opportunities. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016; 18 Suppl 2:S2–3-S2–13. PMC4717493 26784127
  26. [30]Forlenza GP, Argento NB, Laffel LM. Practical Considerations on the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Pediatrics and Older Adults and Nonadjunctive Use. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017; 19(S3): S13– S20. 28585878 PMC5467117
  27. [31]Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Laffel LM, Pickup JC. Advances in technology for management of type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2019. 31533908
  28. [34]Beyond A1C Writing Group. Need for Regulatory Change to Incorporate Beyond A1C Glycemic Metrics. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(6): e92– e94. 29784704
  29. [35]Riddlesworth TD, Beck RW, Gal RL, Optimal Sampling Duration for Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Determine Long-Term Glycemic Control. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2018; 20(4): 314– 316. 29565197
  30. [38]Johansen A, Kanijo B, Fredheim S, Prevalence and predictors of severe hypoglycemia in Danish children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015; 16(5): 354– 360. 25039921
  31. [39]Hussain T, Akle M, Nagelkerke N, Deeb A. Comparative study on treatment satisfaction and health perception in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily injection of insulin, insulin pump and sensor-augmented pump therapy. SAGE Open Med. 2017; 5:2050312117694938. PMC5347412 28321303
  32. [40]Mueller-Godeffroy E, Vonthein R, Ludwig-Seibold C, Psychosocial benefits of insulin pump therapy in children with diabetes type 1 and their families: The pumpkin multicenter randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018; 19(8): 1471– 1480. 30302877
  33. [42]Commissariat PV, Boyle CT, Miller KM, Insulin Pump Use in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Sociodemographic Factors and Parent-Reported Barriers. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017; 19(6): 363– 369. 28581817 PMC6435342
  34. [43]Toresson Grip E, Svensson AM, Miftaraj M, Real-World Costs of Continuous Insulin Pump Therapy and Multiple Daily Injections for Type 1 Diabetes: A Population-Based and Propensity-Matched Cohort From the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(4): 545– 552. 30705062
  35. [44]AbdulAziz YH, Al-Sallami HS, Wiltshire E, Insulin pump initiation and education for children and adolescents - a qualitative study of current practice in New Zealand. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019; 18(1): 59– 64. 31275875 PMC6582118
  36. [45]Lang EG, King BR, Miller MN, Dunn SV, Price DA, Foskett DC. Initiation of insulin pump therapy in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes resulted in improved long-term glycemic control. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017; 18(1): 26– 32. 26782779
  37. [46]Blair JC, McKay A, Ridyard C, Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injection regimens in children and young people at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: pragmatic randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation. BMJ. 2019; 365: l1226. 30944112 PMC6446076
  38. [47]Heller S, Lawton J, Amiel S, In: Improving management of type 1 diabetes in the UK: the Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) programme as a research test-bed. A mixed-method analysis of the barriers to and facilitators of successful diabetes self-management, a health economic analysis, a cluster randomised controlled trial of different models of delivery of an educational intervention and the potential of insulin pumps and additional educator input to improve outcomes. Southampton (UK) 2014. 25642502
  39. [49]Price KJ, Knowles JA, Fox M, Effectiveness of the Kids in Control of Food (KICk-OFF) structured education course for 11–16 year olds with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2016; 33(2): 192– 203. 26248789
  40. [55]Forlenza GP, Messer LH, Berget C, Wadwa RP, Driscoll KA. Biopsychosocial Factors Associated With Satisfaction and Sustained Use of Artificial Pancreas Technology and Its Components: a Call to the Technology Field. Curr Diab Rep. 2018; 18(11): 114. 30259309 PMC6535227
  41. [56]Wong JC, Foster NC, Maahs DM, Real-time continuous glucose monitoring among participants in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(10): 2702– 2709. 25011947 PMC4392936
  42. [57]Telo GH, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Laffel LM. Salient characteristics of youth with type 1 diabetes initiating continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015; 17(6): 373– 378. 25749206 PMC4432486
  43. [58]Bratina N, Battelino T. Insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in preschool and school-age children: how schools can integrate technology. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2010; 7 Suppl 3: 417– 421. 20877256

Authors
Desrochers, H. R., Schultz, A. T., & Laffel, L. M.
Affiliations
  • Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
  • Montefiore Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Laffel, Lori M.
Venue
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-03
Volume
49
Issue
1
Pages
19-35
ISSN
0889-8529 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3001961399
Cited by
29
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (P30DK036836, K12DK094721)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords
diabetes technology, pediatric diabetes, diabetes education, family involvement, device selection, technology expectations, treatment discontinuation
MeSH terms
Self-Management, Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Family, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Patient Education as Topic, Self Care, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Caregivers, Inventions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review