Agronomic effects of bovine manure: A review of long-term European field experiments
Open accessAbstract
To evaluate the agronomic value of animal manure, we quantified the effects of pedo-climatic, crop and management factors on crop productivity, N use efficiency, and soil organic matter, described with simple indicators that compare manures with mineral fertilizers. We selected 80 European long-term field experiments that used bovine farmyard manure or bovine liquid slurry, alone (FYM and SLU) or combined with mineral fertilizers (FYMm and SLUm), and compared them to mineral fertilizer only reference treatments. We collected 5570 measurements from 107 papers. FYM produced slightly lower crop yields (−9.5%) when used alone and higher (+11.3%) yields when used in combination with N fertilizer (FYMm), compared to those obtained using mineral fertilizers only. Conditions promoting manure-N mineralization (lighter soil texture, warmer temperature, longer growing season, and shallower incorporation depth) significantly increased the effect of FYM/FYMm on crop yield and yield N. The production efficiency of FYM (yield:N applied ratio) was slightly lower than that of mineral fertilizers (-1.6%). The apparent N recoveries of FYM and FYMm were 59.3% and 78.7%, respectively, of mineral fertilizers. Manured soils had significantly higher C (+32.9% on average for FYM and FYMm) and N (+21.5%) concentrations. Compared to mineral fertilizers, yield was reduced by 9.1% with SLU, but not with SLUm. Influencing factors were similar to those of FYM/FYMm. Efficiency indicators indicated SLU (but not SLUm) was less effective than mineral fertilizers. Slurry significantly increased SOC (on average for SLU and SLUm by +17.4%) and soil N (+15.7%) concentrations. In conclusion, compared to mineral N fertilizers, bovine farmyard manure and slurry were slightly less effective on the crop, but determined marked increases to SOC and soil N, and thus, to long-term soil fertility maintenance.
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The effect of increasing SOC on crop yield may be largest in sandy soils.
“but it is in sandy soils that the effect of increasing SOC on crop yield may be the largest (Chen et al., 2018; Hijbeek et al., 2017; Zavattaro et al., 2017).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Zavattaro et al., 2017
The indexed Abstract (page not available) reports that lighter soil texture significantly increased the effect of farmyard manure on crop yield, and that manured soils had higher carbon concentrations. It does not establish that increasing SOC itself has its largest effect on yield in sandy soils; the reported texture effect concerns manure response and conditions promoting manure-nitrogen mineralization. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome reviewed meta-analyses tried to correct for NPK effects on crop yields by assessing the ratio of N, P and/or K between treatments or aiming to standardise nutrient supply.
“Among the meta- analyses reviewed, some studies tried to correct for NPK effects on crop yields by assessing the ratio of N, P and/or K between treatments or aiming to standardise nutrient supply (Chen et al., 2018; Dawe et al., 2003; Zavattaro et al., 2017).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Zavattaro et al., 2017
The available passage labeled “1 Finished” (page not given) compares manure treatments with mineral fertilizers and mentions efficiency indicators, but does not say that the review assessed N, P, or K ratios between treatments or standardized nutrient supply. Searches for those methods and for equivalent nutrient inputs found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZavattaro et al. (2017) found significantly more benefits on light than on medium-textured soils (response ratio of 1.051 vs. 0.866).
“A clearer picture was obtained by Zavattaro et al. (2017) who found significantly more benefits on light than on medium- textured soils (response ratio of 1.051 vs. 0.866).”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Zavattaro et al., 2017
The available passages (section “1 Finished,” page unavailable) discuss manure effects on yield and soil carbon but do not compare light with medium-textured soils. Searches for soil texture and the response ratios 1.051 and 0.866 found no passage addressing the claimed difference or its significance. (LLM, conf=0.68)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThree studies consistently found greater benefits of increasing SOC on crop yields on sandy soils.
“Considering soil type, three studies consistently found greater benefits on sandy soils.”
From Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon (2023) · cites this paper as Zavattaro et al., 2017
The available passage (section “1 Finished,” page not given) reports overall effects of bovine manure and slurry on yield and soil organic carbon, but does not compare sandy soils with other soil types. Searches for sandy soils, soil type, texture, and three studies found no passage addressing the claimed greater benefit. (LLM, conf=0.69)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“As the demand for food increases, the search for sustainable solutions that restore soil health and fertility has gained urgency (Zavattaro et al., 2017).”
Desempenho agronômico de pimenta dedo de moça sob adubação orgânica e mineral
dos Santos, W. M., Rocha, A. F. M., da Silva, F. B., Vale, L. S. R., Faria, L. R., Marques, M. L. D. S., Félix, M. J. D., & dos Santos, E. A. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i4.13893 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temperate Forage Legumes Production, Weeds Dynamics, and Soil C:N Economy Under Organic Wastes
Iqbal, M., Iqbal, A., Seydoşoğlu, S., Turan, N., Ozyazici, M. A., & Sabagh, A. E. (2022) · Managing Plant Production Under Changing Environment · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5059-8_16 · Cited by 1
Chênerie, F., Versini, A., Barré, P., & Levavasseur, F. (2026) · Soil use and management · doi:10.1111/sum.70253
“Numerous studies have shown that repeated OWP inputs significantly increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) stocks (Zavattaro et al. 2017), thereby improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Bhogal et al. 2018; Sadet-Bourgeteau et al. 2018).”
Jaufmann, E., Fruth, A., Schmid, H., & Hülsbergen, K. (2026) · Journal of soil science and plant nutrition · doi:10.1007/s42729-026-03409-z
“Conversely, NH 4 -N-poor organic fertilizers, such as solid manures and composts, release inorganic N at a significantly slower rate (Amlinger et al. 2003 ; Möller 2009 ; Gómez-Muñoz et al. 2017 ; Zavattaro et al. 2017 ).”
- Authors
- Zavattaro, L., Bechini, L., Grignani, C., van Evert, F. K., Mallast, J., Spiegel, H., Sandén, T., Pecio, A., Giráldez Cervera, J. V., Guzmán, G., Vanderlinden, K., D’Hose, T., Ruysschaert, G., & ten Berge, H. F. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (DE)
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AT)
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (PL)
- University of Córdoba (ES)
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (ES)
- Instituut voor Landbouw en Visserijonderzoek (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Bechini, Luca
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Agronomy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 90
- Pages
- 127-138
- ISSN
- 1161-0301 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2746273360
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 8.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- European Journal of Agronomy (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate General for Research & Innovation of the European Commission (G.A. 289782)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management
- Keywords
- bovine manure, farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers, crop yield, nitrogen use efficiency, soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, soil fertility, long-term field experiment, soil texture, growing season length
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