CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 49

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Efavirenz: What is known about the cellular mechanisms responsible for its adverse effects

Apostolova, Nadezda, Blas-Garcia, Ana, Galindo, Maria J., Esplugues, Juan V.·2017·European Journal of Pharmacology
DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.016
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The HIV infection remains an important health problem worldwide. However, due to the efficacy of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), it has ceased to be a mortal condition, becoming a chronic disease instead. Efavirenz, the most prescribed non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), has been a key component of cART since its commercialization in 1998. Though still a drug of choice in many countries, its primacy has been challenged by the arrival of newer antiretroviral agents with better toxicity profiles and treatment adherence. The major side effects related to EFV have been widely described in clinical studies, however the mechanisms that participate in their pathogenesis remain largely ununderstood. This review provides an insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of the most significant undesired effects induced by efavirenz, both short- and long-term, revealed by in vitro and in vivo experimental pharmacological research. Growing evidence implicates the drug in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and other cellular processes involved in stress responses including oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.016

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 104

  1. Abers, 2014, Neurological and psychiatric adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs, CNS Drugs, 28, 131, 10.1007/s40263-013-0132-4 · DOI
  2. Angel-Moreno-Maroto, 2006, Severe efavirenz-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (not-DRESS) with acute renal failure, J. Infect., 52, e39, 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.05.020 · DOI
  3. Aouri, 2016, Swiss HIV cohort study. In vivo profiling and distribution of known and novel phase I and phase II metabolites of Efavirenz in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, Drug Metab. Dispos., 44, 151, 10.1124/dmd.115.065839 · DOI
  4. Apostolova, 2010, Enhanced oxidative stress and increased mitochondrial mass during efavirenz-induced apoptosis in human hepatic cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 160, 2069, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00866.x · DOI
  5. Apostolova, 2011, Compromising mitochondrial function with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz induces cell survival-promoting autophagy, Hepatology, 54, 1009, 10.1002/hep.24459 · DOI
  6. Apostolova, 2013, ER stress in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz: mitochondria again, J. Hepatol., 59, 780, 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.005 · DOI
  7. Apostolova, 2015, Involvement of nitric oxide in the mitochondrial action of efavirenz: a differential effect on neurons and glial cells, J. Infect. Dis., 211, 1953, 10.1093/infdis/jiu825 · DOI
  8. Arendt, 2007, Neuropsychiatric side effects of efavirenz therapy, Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 6, 147, 10.1517/14740338.6.2.147 · DOI
  9. Bertrand, 2015, Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagic responses by the antiretroviral drug efavirenz, Mol. Pharmacol. 2015, 88, 304
  10. Bertrand, 2016, Antiretroviral treatment with efavirenz disrupts the blood-brain barrier integrity and increases stroke severity, Sci. Rep., 6, 39738, 10.1038/srep39738 · DOI
  11. Best, 2011, Efavirenz concentrations in CSF exceed IC50 for wild-type HIV, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 66, 354, 10.1093/jac/dkq434 · DOI
  12. Blas-García, 2010, Inhibition of mitochondrial function by efavirenz increases lipid content in hepatic cells, Hepatology, 52, 115, 10.1002/hep.23647 · DOI
  13. Blas-García, 2014, Lack of mitochondrial toxicity of darunavir, raltegravir and rilpivirine in neurons and hepatocytes: a comparison with efavirenz, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 69, 2995, 10.1093/jac/dku262 · DOI
  14. Bissinger, 2015, Efavirenz induced suicidal death of human erythrocytes, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 37, 2496, 10.1159/000438602 · DOI
  15. Bossi, 2000, Hypersensitivity syndrome associated with efavirenz therapy, Clin. Infect. Dis., 30, 227, 10.1086/313629 · DOI
  16. Brandmann, 2012, The antiretroviral protease inhibitors indinavir and nelfinavir stimulate Mrp1-mediated GSH export from cultured brain astrocytes, J. Neurochem., 120, 78, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07544.x · DOI
  17. Brandmann, 2013, 8-Hydroxy-efavirenz, the primary metabolite of the antiretroviral drug Efavirenz, stimulates the glycolytic flux in cultured rat astrocytes, Neurochem. Res., 38, 2524, 10.1007/s11064-013-1165-2 · DOI
  18. Brown, 2014, Efavirenz promotes β-secretase expression and increased Aβ1-40,42 via oxidative stress and reduced microglial phagocytosis: implications for HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), PLoS One, 9, e95500, 10.1371/journal.pone.0095500 · DOI
  19. Brown, 2010, Association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz and decreases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Antivir. Ther., 15, 425, 10.3851/IMP1502 · DOI
  20. Bumpus, 2011, Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz induce cell death via a JNK- and BimEL-dependent mechanism in primary human hepatocytes, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 257, 227, 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.008 · DOI
  21. Burger, 2006, Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of the HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz: the effect of gender, race, and CYP2B6 polymorphism, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 61, 148, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02536.x · DOI
  22. Cardenas, 2009, Evidence for ongoing brain injury in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, J. Neurovirol., 15, 324, 10.1080/13550280902973960 · DOI
  23. Carr, 2010, Haplotype structure of CYP2B6 and association with plasma efavirenz concentrations in a Chilean HIV cohort, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 65, 1889, 10.1093/jac/dkq260 · DOI
  24. Cavalcante, 2010, Implications of Efavirenz for neuropsychiatry: a review, Int. J. Neurosci., 120, 739, 10.3109/00207454.2010.520541 · DOI
  25. Cavalcante, 2017, HIV antiretroviral drug Efavirenz induces anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in rats: evaluation of neurotransmitter alterations in the striatum, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 799, 7, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.009 · DOI
  26. Ciccarelli, 2011, Efavirenz associated with cognitive disorders in otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, Neurology, 76, 1403, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821670fb · DOI
  27. Dave, 2015, Antiretroviral therapy, especially Efavirenz, is associated with low bone mineral density in HIV-infected South Africans, PLoS One, 10, e0144286, 10.1371/journal.pone.0144286 · DOI
  28. Davidson, 2013, Valproic acid inhibits the release of soluble CD40L induced by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals, PLoS One, 8, e59950, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059950 · DOI
  29. De Clercq, 2009, Anti-HIV drugs: 25 compounds approved within 25 years after the discovery of HIV, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 33, 307, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.10.010 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Díaz-Delfín, 2011, Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression, and release of adipokines and cytokines, Antivir. Res, 91, 112, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.018 · DOI
  31. Dong, 2013, Efavirenz induces autophagy and aberrant differentiation in normal human keratinocytes, Int. J. Mol. Med., 31, 1305, 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1327 · DOI
  32. Eisfeld, 2013, CSF penetration by antiretroviral drugs, CNS Drugs, 27, 31, 10.1007/s40263-012-0018-x · DOI
  33. El Hadri, 2004, In vitro suppression of the lipogenic pathway by the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz in 3T3 and human preadipocytes or adipocytes, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 15130, 10.1074/jbc.M312875200 · DOI
  34. Faggian, 2005, Recreational substance use and tolerance of efavirenz in HIV-1 infected patients, AIDS Care, 17, 908, 10.1080/09540120500038371 · DOI
  35. Faltz, 2017, Effect of the anti-retroviral drugs efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine on endothelial cell function: role of PARP, Cardiovasc. Toxicol., 10.1007/s12012-016-9397-4 · DOI
  36. Fox, 2011, Improvement in vitamin D deficiency following antiretroviral regime change: results from the MONET trial, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir., 27, 29, 10.1089/aid.2010.0081 · DOI
  37. Fumaz, 2005, Long-term neuropsychiatric disorders on efavirenz-based approaches: quality of life, psychologic issues, and adherence, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 38, 560, 10.1097/01.qai.0000147523.41993.47 · DOI
  38. Funes, 2014, Neuronal bioenergetics and acute mitochondrial dysfunction: a clue to understanding the central nervous system side effects of efavirenz, J. Infect. Dis., 210, 1385, 10.1093/infdis/jiu273 · DOI
  39. Funes, 2015, Efavirenz alters mitochondrial respiratory function in cultured neuron and glial cell lines, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 70, 2249, 10.1093/jac/dkv098 · DOI
  40. Gallego-Escuredo, 2010, Differential effects of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression and release of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, Curr. HIV Res., 8, 545, 10.2174/157016210793499222 · DOI
  41. Gatch, 2013, The HIV antiretroviral drug efavirenz has LSD-like properties, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 2373, 10.1038/npp.2013.135 · DOI
  42. Gazzard, 2011, Phase 2 double-blind, randomized trial of etravirine versus efavirenz in treatment-naive patients: 48-week results, AIDS, 25, 2249, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834c4c06 · DOI
  43. Gibellini, 2015, Different origin of adipogenic stem cells influences the response to antiretroviral drugs, Exp. Cell. Res., 337, 160, 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.031 · DOI
  44. Gomez-Sucerquia, 2012, Profile of stress and toxicity gene expression in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz, Antivir. Res., 94, 232, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.003 · DOI
  45. Gounden, 2010, Presence of the CYP2B6 516G> T polymorphism, increased plasma Efavirenz concentrations and early neuropsychiatric side effects in South African HIV-infected patients, AIDS Res. Ther., 7, 32, 10.1186/1742-6405-7-32 · DOI
  46. Gupta, 2012, Worsening endothelial function with efavirenz compared to protease inhibitors: a 12-month prospective study, PLoS One, 7, e45716, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045716 · DOI
  47. Hariparsad, 2004, Induction of CYP3A4 by efavirenz in primary human hepatocytes, comparison with rifampin and phenobarbital, J. Clin. Pharmacol., 44, 1273, 10.1177/0091270004269142 · DOI
  48. Harjivan, 2014, The phenolic metabolites of the anti-HIV drug efavirenz: evidence for distinct reactivities upon oxidation with Frémy's salt, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 74, 7, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.022 · DOI
  49. Haubrich, 2009, Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment, AIDS, 23, 1109, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b4377 · DOI
  50. Heaton, 2011, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. CHARTER Group; HNRC Group, J. Neurovirol., 17, 3, 10.1007/s13365-010-0006-1 · DOI
  51. Hecht, 2015, Efavirenz has the highest anti-proliferative effect of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against pancreatic cancer cells, PLoS One, 10, e0130277, 10.1371/journal.pone.0130277 · DOI
  52. Hecht, 2013, Cytotoxic effect of efavirenz is selective against cancer cells and associated with the cannabinoid system, AIDS, 27, 2031, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283625444 · DOI
  53. Hulgan, 2003, Oxidant stress is increased during treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection, Clin. Infect. Dis., 37, 1711, 10.1086/379776 · DOI
  54. Imaizumi, 2015, Mechanisms of cell death pathway activation following drug-induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex I, Redox Biol., 4, 279, 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.005 · DOI
  55. Jamaluddin, 2010, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz increases monolayer permeability of human coronary artery endothelial cells, Atherosclerosis, 208, 104, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.029 · DOI
  56. Jin, 2016, HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz reduces neural stem cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, Cell Transplant., 25, 1967, 10.3727/096368916X691457 · DOI
  57. Kappelhoff, 2005, Are adverse events of nevirapine and efavirenz related to plasma concentrations?, Antivir. Ther., 10, 489, 10.1177/135965350501000404 · DOI
  58. Kwara, 2009, CYP2B6 (c.516G-->T) and CYP2A6 (*9B and/or *17) polymorphisms are independent predictors of efavirenz plasma concentrations in HIV-infected patients, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 67, 427, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03368.x · DOI
  59. Kenedi, 2011, A systematic review of the psychiatric side-effects of efavirenz, AIDS Behav., 15, 1803, 10.1007/s10461-011-9939-5 · DOI
  60. Landriscina, 2005, Reverse transcriptase inhibitors down-regulate cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and restore thyrotropin signaling and iodine uptake in human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90, 5663, 10.1210/jc.2005-0367 · DOI
  61. Li, 2008, Nitrosative stress with HIV dementia causes decreased L-prostaglandin D synthase activity, Neurology, 70, 1753, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000282761.19578.35 · DOI
  62. Lisi, 2014, Antiretroviral agents increase NO production in gp120/IFNγ-stimulated cultures of rat microglia via an arginase-dependent mechanism, J. Neuroimmunol., 266, 24, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.013 · DOI
  63. Lochet, 2003, Long-term assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse reactions associated with efavirenz, HIV Med., 4, 62, 10.1046/j.1468-1293.2003.00136.x · DOI
  64. Manfredi, 2005, An extremely different dysmetabolic profile between the two available nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: efavirenz and nevirapine, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 38, 236, 10.1097/01.qai.0000143037.70120.fc · DOI
  65. Marra, 2009, Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance, AIDS, 23, 1359, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832c4152 · DOI
  66. Marzolini, 2001, Efavirenz plasma levels can predict treatment failure and central nervous system side effects in HIV-1-infected patients, AIDS, 15, 71, 10.1097/00002030-200101050-00011 · DOI
  67. Muñoz-Moreno, 2009, Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with efavirenz: prevalence, correlates, and management. A neurobehavioral review, AIDS Rev., 11, 103
  68. Moure, 2016, Impact of elvitegravir on human adipocytes: alterations in differentiation, gene expression and release of adipokines and cytokines, Antivir. Res., 132, 59, 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.013 · DOI
  69. Neukam, 2011, Liver toxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy including efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in a cohort of HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 66, 2605, 10.1093/jac/dkr357 · DOI
  70. Ogburn, 2010, Efavirenz primary and secondary metabolism in vitro and in vivo: identification of novel metabolic pathways and cytochrome P450 2A6 as the principal catalyst of efavirenz 7-hydroxylation, Drug Metab. Dispos., 38, 1218, 10.1124/dmd.109.031393 · DOI
  71. O'Mahony, 2005, Efavirenz induces depressive-like behaviour, increased stress response and changes in the immune response in rats, Neuroimmunomodulation, 12, 293, 10.1159/000087107 · DOI
  72. Orden, 2014, Efavirenz induces interactions between leucocytes and endothelium through the activation of Mac-1 and gp150,95, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 69, 995, 10.1093/jac/dkt468 · DOI
  73. Pereira, 2008, Efavirenz concentrations in HIV-infected patients with and without viral hepatitis, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66, 551, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03238.x · DOI
  74. Pérez-Molina, 2002, Safety and tolerance of efavirenz in different antiretroviral regimens: results from a national multicenter prospective study in 1,033 HIV-infected patients, HIV Clin. Trials, 3, 279, 10.1310/3Q91-YT2D-BUT4-8HN6 · DOI
  75. Pérez-Molina, 2008, The role of efavirenz compared with protease inhibitors in the body fat changes associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 62, 234, 10.1093/jac/dkn191 · DOI
  76. Peyriere, 2001, Management of sudden psychiatric disorders related to efavirenz, AIDS, 15, 1323, 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00021 · DOI
  77. Pilon, 2002, Induction of apoptosis by a nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46, 2687, 10.1128/AAC.46.8.2687-2691.2002 · DOI
  78. Pittoggi, 2008, In vitro evidence for a new therapeutic approach in renal cell carcinoma, Int. Braz. J. Urol., 34, 492, 10.1590/S1677-55382008000400012 · DOI
  79. Purnell, 2014, Efavirenz induces neuronal autophagy and mitochondrial alterations, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 351, 250, 10.1124/jpet.114.217869 · DOI
  80. Ramachandran, 2009, Association of high T allele frequency of CYP2B6 G516T polymorphism among ethnic south Indian HIV-infected patients with elevated plasma efavirenz and nevirapine, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 63, 841, 10.1093/jac/dkp033 · DOI
  81. Riddler, 2008, Class-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection, N. Engl. J. Med., 358, 2095, 10.1056/NEJMoa074609 · DOI
  82. Rihs, 2006, Efavirenz and chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms: a cross-sectional case control study, HIV Med., 7, 544, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2006.00419.x · DOI
  83. Rivero, 2007, Liver toxicity induced by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 59, 342, 10.1093/jac/dkl524 · DOI
  84. Rodríguez de la Concepción, 2005, Reverse transcriptase inhibitors alter uncoupling protein-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipocytes, Antivir. Ther., 10, 515, 10.1177/135965350501000407 · DOI
  85. Romão, 2011, Anti-HIV drugs nevirapine and efavirenz affect anxiety-related behavior and cognitive performance in mice, Neurotox., Res., 19, 73, 10.1007/s12640-009-9141-y · DOI
  86. Schwartz, 2014, Relationship of vitamin D, HIV, HIV treatment, and lipid levels in the Women's Interagency HIV Study of HIV-infected and uninfected women in the United States, J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care, 13, 250, 10.1177/2325957413506748 · DOI
  87. Schweinsburg, 2005, Brain mitochondrial injury in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive (HIV+) individuals taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, J. Neurovirol., 11, 356, 10.1080/13550280591002342 · DOI
  88. Scourfield, 2012, Discontinuation of Atripla as first-line therapy in HIV-1 infected individuals, AIDS, 26, 1399, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328353b047 · DOI
  89. Sharma, 2013, Agonism of human pregnane X receptor by rilpivirine and etravirine: comparison with first generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, Biochem. Pharmacol., 85, 1700, 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.002 · DOI
  90. Shikuma, 2007, Metabolic effects of protease inhibitor-sparing antiretroviral regimens given as initial treatment of HIV-1 Infection (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5095), J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 44, 540, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318031d5a0 · DOI
  91. Staszewski, 1999, Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. Study 006 Team, N. Engl. J. Med., 341, 1865, 10.1056/NEJM199912163412501 · DOI
  92. Streck, 2008, Effects of the HIV treatment drugs nevirapine and efavirenz on brain creatine kinase activity, Metab. Brain Dis., 23, 485, 10.1007/s11011-008-9109-2 · DOI
  93. Streck, 2011, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors efavirenz and nevirapine inhibit cytochrome C oxidase in mouse brain regions, Neurochem. Res., 36, 962, 10.1007/s11064-011-0432-3 · DOI
  94. Tashima, 1999, Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression and efavirenz drug concentrations in HIV-1-infected patients receiving combination therapy, J. Infect. Dis., 180, 862, 10.1086/314945 · DOI
  95. Tovar-y-Romo, 2012, Dendritic spine injury induced by the 8-hydroxy metabolite of efavirenz, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 343, 696, 10.1124/jpet.112.195701 · DOI
  96. Walker, 2002, Increased long-term mitochondrial toxicity in combinations of nucleoside analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, AIDS, 16, 2165, 10.1097/00002030-200211080-00009 · DOI
  97. Wang, 2015, The acute extracellular flux (XF) assay to assess compound effects on mitochondrial function, J. Biomol. Screen., 20, 422, 10.1177/1087057114557621 · DOI
  98. Wang, 2013, High prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in HIV-infected patients with a baseline CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/μl in Shanghai, China, Biosci. Trends, 7, 284
  99. Ward, 2003, The cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is the main catalyst of efavirenz primary and secondary metabolism: implication for HIV/AIDS therapy and utility of efavirenz as a substrate marker of CYP2B6 catalytic activity, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 306, 287, 10.1124/jpet.103.049601 · DOI
  100. Weiss, 2009, Induction of multiple drug transporters by efavirenz, J. Pharmacol. Sci., 109, 242, 10.1254/jphs.08209FP · DOI
  101. Weiß, 2016, Efavirenz causes oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy in endothelial cells, Cardiovasc. Toxicol., 16, 90, 10.1007/s12012-015-9314-2 · DOI
  102. Welz, 2010, Efavirenz is associated with severe vitamin D deficiency and increased alkaline phosphatase, AIDS, 24, 1923, 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833c3281 · DOI
  103. Winston, 2012, Dynamics of cognitive change in HIV-infected individuals commencing three different initial antiretroviral regimens: a randomized, controlled study, HIV Med., 13, 245, 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00962.x · DOI
  104. Yilmaz, 2012, Efavirenz pharmacokinetics in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma over a 24-hour dosing interval, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 56, 4583, 10.1128/AAC.06311-11 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 49

Metadata

Authors
Apostolova, N., Blas-Garcia, A., Galindo, M. J., & Esplugues, J. V.
Venue
European Journal of Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-10
Volume
812
Pages
163-173
ISSN
0014-2999
DOI
10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.016
Cited by
49
References
1
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Funders
  • Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras (JCI-2012–15124)
  • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PI14/00312)
  • Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/035)
  • Instituto de Salud Carlos III
  • European Regional Development Fund (CIBER CB06/04/0071, SAF2015-67678-R)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review