Incentive structures for power-to-X and e-fuel pathways for transport in EU and member states
Open accessAbstract
Though Power-to-X pathways, primarily Power-to-Liquids, attract interest as solutions for decarbonising parts of the transport sector that are not suitable for electrification, the regulatory framework until recently slowed down their implementation. This paper examines the updates in the main aspects of the legal framework in the European Union from 2019 to the beginning of 2022 related to Power-to-X: support schemes, specific targets, and potential barriers. The results show increasing interest and market entrance of electrolysis and push from the different actors and regulatory parties to establish solutions that will enable faster upscaling. However, it is visible from the National Energy and Climate Plans and hydrogen strategies that the most emphasis is still on hydrogen as an end fuel for personal vehicles or power-to-gas. On the other hand, few countries have implemented legal frameworks facilitating diverse PtX pathways without focusing solely on hydrogen. Nevertheless, revisions of RED II have finally set up specific targets for electrofuels and Fit for 55 has introduced new actions supporting electrofuels in aviation and marine transport.
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The mere challenge of securing large volumes of energy and feedstock is an obstacle to industry growth and can be a major source of reluctance to invest.
“Thus, the mere challenge of securing large volumes of energy and feedstock is an obstacle to industry growth [12] and can be a major source of reluctance to invest [37].”
From Locked in on RFNBOs – Will EU mandates for drop-in synthetic aviation fuels lead to decreased energy- and cost-efficiency? (2026) · cites this paper as [37]
Section 3, “Support schemes and potential barriers” (page unavailable), says that connecting PtX units to renewable electricity has caused investment hesitance because of connection costs and difficulty assuring that the electricity qualifies as renewable. Section 5, “Discussion” (page unavailable), also identifies a need to expand renewable-electricity capacity alongside PtX plants. The paper does not establish that securing large volumes of both energy and feedstock is a major cause of reluctance to invest. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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References 39 · Cited by 68
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Dragan, D., 2021. Polish Hydrogen Strategy -regulatory challenges in the European perspective. Polityka Energetyczna -Energy Policy Journal 24, 19-32.
- Edwards, R.L., Font-Palma, C., Howe, J., 2021. The status of hydrogen technologies in the UK: a multi-disciplinary review. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments 43.
- Falcone, P.M., Hiete, M., Sapio, A., 2021. Hydrogen economy and sustainable development goals: review and policy insights. Current Opinion Green Sustain. Chem. 31. Federal Ministry Republic of Austria, 2018. The Hydrogen Initiative.
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- Ridjan, I., Mathiesen, B.V., Connolly, D., 2015. Terminology used for renewable liquid and gaseous fuels based on the conversion of electricity: a review. J. Clean. Prod.
- Wulf, C., Zapp, P., Schreiber, A., 2020. Review of power-to-X demonstration projects in Europe. Front. Energy Res. 8, 191.
- Authors
- Skov, I. R., & Schneider, N.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Skov, Iva Ridjan
- ORCID
- Skov, Iva Ridjan
- Venue
- Energy Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 168
- Pages
- 113121
- ISSN
- 0301-4215 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4283331458
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy Policy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Danish Energy Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Energy Law and Policy
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Renewable Energy and Sustainability
- Keywords
- power-to-X, power-to-liquids, e-fuels, electrofuels, transport decarbonization, regulatory framework, incentive structures, electrolysis, National Energy and Climate Plan, hydrogen strategy, Renewable Energy Directive II, Fit for 55, EU member states
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