The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
Open accessAbstract
During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951
Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3227 · Cited by 2,140
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality
Morawska, L., & Cao, J. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730 · Cited by 1,728
Self-citationGuo, Z.-D., Wang, Z.-Y., Zhang, S.-F., Li, X., Li, L., Li, C., Cui, Y., Fu, R.-B., Dong, Y.-Z., Chi, X.-Y., et al. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200885 · Cited by 1,065
Li, Y., Leung, G. M., Tang, J. W.-T., Yang, X., Chao, C. Y. H., Lin, J. Z., Lu, J. W. Z., Nielsen, P. V., Niu, J., Qian, H., et al. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x · Cited by 1,057
Self-citationAerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
Santarpia, J. L., Rivera, D. N., Herrera, V. L., Morwitzer, M. J., Creager, H. M., Santarpia, G. W., Crown, K. K., Brett‐Major, D. M., Schnaubelt, E. R., Broadhurst, M. J., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69286-3 · Cited by 956
Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients
Chia, P. Y., Coleman, K. K., Tan, Y. K., Ong, S. W. X., Gum, M., Lau, S. K., Lim, X. F., Lim, A. S., Sutjipto, S., Lee, P. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16670-2 · Cited by 932
Self-citationRecognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary
Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J., & Tang, J. W.-T. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y · Cited by 745
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
Microbiology Indoor Air Quality at Hospital During the Covid19 Pandemic
Rahardhiman, A., Yudhastuti, R., & Azizah, R. (2020) · JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN · doi:10.20473/jkl.v12i1si.2020.89-92 · Cited by 4
Assessment of precautionary measures against COVID-19 in Indonesian workplaces
Pratama, M. R., Supriyadi, A., & Sari, N. (2021) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v10i2.20663 · Cited by 4
Baker, T. L., Greiner, J. V., & Vesonder, M. (2021) · Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000733932.88107.44 · Cited by 4
Maćkiewicz, B., Lemieszek, M. K., & Dutkiewicz, J. K. (2021) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/133896 · Cited by 4
Abdelrahim, R. K., Abdoun, H. A. E., Koppolu, P., & Swapna, L. A. (2021) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5898 · Cited by 4
Božek, F., & Tušer, I. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126764 · Cited by 4
Singh, A., & Haq, I. (2021) · Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s42398-021-00204-7 · Cited by 4
Decision analysis support for evaluating transmission risk of COVID-19 in places where people gather
Hongoh, V., Maybury, D. W., Levesque, J., Fazil, A., Otten, A., Turgeon, P., Waddell, L. A., & Ogden, N. H. (2021) · Canada Communicable Disease Report · doi:10.14745/ccdr.v47i11a02 · Cited by 4
Magnetic Resonance Imaging During a Pandemic: Recommendations by the ISMRM Safety Committee
Collins, J. D., Rowley, H. A., Leiner, T., Reeder, S. B., Hood, M. N., Dekkers, I. A., Tha, K. K., Gulani, V., & Kopanoğlu, E. (2021) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.28006 · Cited by 4
On the variation of fricative airflow dynamics with vocal tract geometry and speech loudness
Mofakham, A. A., Helenbrook, B. T., Erath, B. D., Ferro, A. R., Ahmed, T., Brown, D. M., & Ahmadi, G. (2022) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2022.2045001 · Cited by 4
Capturing Time Dynamics From Speech Using Neural Networks for Surgical Mask Detection
Liu, S., Mallol-Ragolta, A., Yan, T., Qian, K., Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Hu, B., & Schuller, B. W. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2022.3173128 · Cited by 4
Issakhov, A., Омарова, П., & Abylkassymova, A. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24067-5 · Cited by 4
Passenger exposure to aerosols on intra-European train travel
Winiger, P. (2022) · Air Quality Atmosphere & Health · doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01143-2 · Cited by 4
Dancer, S. J. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.o1408 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMendes, A., Pereira, C. C., & Teixeira, J. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.00170-6 · Cited by 4
Gao, H., Liu, F., Han, C., Liu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, R., Zou, N., Zhang, D., Mu, W., et al. (2024) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.8321 · Cited by 3
Marashian, S., Abouali, O., Vadiee, A., & Sadrizadeh, S. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115577 · Cited by 3
Eficiência Energética e Conforto Térmico em edifícios universitários
Garcia, M. D. S., Oliveira, I. C. F., de Souza, R. V. G., & Reis, I. A. (2021) · Revista da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais · doi:10.35699/2316-770x.2021.26714 · Cited by 3
How the COVID-19 Pandemic Muted and Remixed the World’s Acoustics for a While
Asensio, C., Pavón, I., & de Arcas, G. (2022) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-022-00236-5 · Cited by 4
Agent-based simulation for vaccination networks design and analysis: preliminary gaps
Piffari, C., Lagorio, A., & Pinto, R. (2022) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.172 · Cited by 3
Pandemic Population Surveillance
Sorell, T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864918.003.0002 · Cited by 3
Faghy, M. A., & Ashton, R. E. M. (2023) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm-d-23-00038 · Cited by 3
A review of post pandemic healthcare design
Boby, P. R., Dewan, A., & Sugga, P. D. P. (2022) · The Evolving Scholar · doi:10.24404/620f68305d583d481a24ddbf · Cited by 3
Zhang, Z., Erşan, M. S., Westerhoff, P. K., & Herckès, P. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12010003 · Cited by 3
Laksono, B. S. P., Syaifuddin, T., & Utaminingrum, F. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science · doi:10.25126/jitecs.202491579 · Cited by 3
Low-cost interventions to improve ventilation in long-term care facilities
Srikanth, P., Doe, R., Croteau, G. A., & Cohen, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2024.2328295 · Cited by 3
Chandrashekar, R., Pai, A., Vivek, T., Sekar, S. K., Arıcı, M., & Balaji, K. (2024) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114316 · Cited by 3
Ejaz, M. F., Kilpeläinen, S., Mustakallio, P., & Kosonen, R. (2024) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202456209005 · Cited by 3
Moghaddam, S. N. M. (2024) · City development · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-5481-6_1 · Cited by 3
Holland, J., & Jarvis, L. (2024) · Journal of Global Security Studies · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogae031 · Cited by 3
Shiralizadeh, S., Azimzadeh, M., Keramat, F., Hashemi, S. H., Majzoobi, M. M., Arabestani, M. R., Jalilian, F. A., Taher, A., Khazaei, S., Alikhani, M. S., et al. (2024) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715265338445241007092436 · Cited by 3
Atmospheric-level carbon dioxide gas sensing using low-loss mid-IR silicon waveguides
Lin, P.-S., Quellmalz, A., Parhizkar, S., Huang, P., Negm, N., Suckow, S., Briano, F. O., Lemme, M. C., Schall-Giesecke, A. L., Niklaus, F., et al. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.527421 · Cited by 3
Cepiński, W., Szałański, P., Orłowska, M., Janta-Lipińska, S., & Ratajczak, K. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111606 · Cited by 4
Tominaga, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112579 · Cited by 3
Linking airflow dynamics to infection risk reduction and predictive strategies
Elsarraj, M., Mahmoudi, Y., & Keshmiri, A. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113027 · Cited by 3
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via larger respiratory droplets in A restaurant environment
Wang, Z., Jia, F., Galea, E. R., Ewer, J., & Grandison, A. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106938 · Cited by 3
Sofuoǧlu, S. C., Arı, A., Civan, M., Dumanoğlu, Y., Güllü, G., Menteşe, S., Onat, B., Şahin, Ü. A., & Toksoy, M. (2025) · Atmospheric Pollution Research · doi:10.1016/j.apr.2025.102743 · Cited by 3
The Susceptibility of Airborne SARS-CoV-2 to Far-UVC Irradiation
Angel, D. M., Luhung, I., de Sá, K. S. G., & Peccia, J. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c09275 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTransport of Aerosols in Underground Mine Workings in Terms of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Threat
Skubacz, K., Hildebrandt, R., Zgórska, A., Dyduch, Z., Samolej, K., & Smoliński, A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26123501 · Cited by 3
Almeida, S. M., & Sousa, J. (2021) · Acta Médica Portuguesa · doi:10.20344/amp.15982 · Cited by 3
Endoscopy After the COVID-19 Pandemic—What Will Be Different?
Lui, R. N.-S., Tang, R. S. Y., & Chiu, P. W. Y. (2022) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-022-00370-5 · Cited by 3
Traversari, A. A. L., Bezemer, R. A., van Heumen, S. P. M., Kompatscher, K., Hinkema, M. J., & Eekhout, I. E. (2022) · International Journal of Ventilation · doi:10.1080/14733315.2022.2064962 · Cited by 4
gLAMP: Low-cost ozone and UV-C light-emitting portable device for disinfection of environments
Lopez, C. A., Pineda-Briseño, A., Rivas, J. F., & Vazquez, P. (2022) · International Conference on Informatics, Environment, Energy and Applications (IEEA) · doi:10.1145/3533254.3533259 · Cited by 3
Sarcia, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology · doi:10.6028/jres.126.057 · Cited by 3
Francelino, I. G., Petraconi, A., Miranda, F. D. S., Prado, E. S. P., Gasi, F., Silva-Santos, M. C., Lourenço, S. R., & Filho, G. P. (2022) · Textile Research Journal · doi:10.1177/00405175221127313 · Cited by 3
Avaliação de estratégias de ventilação natural para salas de aula em clima subtropical úmido
Scherer, P., & Grigoletti, G. D. C. (2022) · Ambiente Construído · doi:10.1590/s1678-86212023000100648 · Cited by 3
Retracted : Evaluating the effects of air disinfectants in decontamination of COVID‐19 aerosols
Dehghani, S., SeyedAlinaghi, S., Karimi, A., Afroughi, F., Abshenas, S., Azad, K., Tantuoyir, M. M., Mohammadi, P., Ghavam, S. M., Mojdeganlou, H., et al. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1042 · Cited by 3
RetractedRichter, W. R., Sunderman, M. M., Schaeufele, D., Willenberg, Z. J., Ratliff, K., Calfee, M. W., & Oudejans, L. (2023) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxad053 · Cited by 3
Ahmed, G., Rasheed, A., Munawar, K. S., Bandaru, S., Khan, J., Liu, Z., & Ahmad, M. S. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27867-5 · Cited by 3
Covid 19 and beyond: a procedure for HVAC systems to address infectious aerosol illness transmission
Walkinshaw, D. S., & Horstman, R. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2023.999126 · Cited by 3
Kuiper, G., Wilmer, A., Carter, H., Shannon, C., Curcio, H., Ratajczyk, E., Dunbar, B. H., Carter, E. M., Heming, A., & Magzamen, S. L. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110721 · Cited by 4
Mushkbara, F. S., Khan, S., & Sadia, R. (2023) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2023.0205 · Cited by 3
Design strategies for addressing COVID-19 issues in buildings
Habibi, S., Kamel, E., & Memari, A. M. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.130680 · Cited by 3
Cummings, B. E., Haas, C. N., Lo, L. J., Sales, C. M., Fox, J., & Waring, M. S. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111303 · Cited by 3
Review of the Role of Aerosols in the Spread of COVID-19
Srivastava, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_10 · Cited by 3
Estimating indoor airborne concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative filter forensics
Hoskin, Z., Siegel, J. A., & Haines, S. R. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111632 · Cited by 5
Khanal, N., Brazell, L. R., Juel, M. A. I., Gibas, C., Schlueter, J. A., & Munir, M. (2024) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol4030095 · Cited by 3
Vouriot, C., van Reeuwijk, M., & Burridge, H. C. (2024) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2024.0270 · Cited by 3
Matharu, R. K., Hoch, G., Bhatti, M., Hathway, E. A., & Ciric, L. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113342 · Cited by 3
Das erste Jahr der Pandemie mit SARS-CoV-2 – Auswirkungen auf die Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde
Herzog, M., Beule, A. G., Lüers, J.-C., Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Grafmans, D., & Deitmer, T. (2021) · HNO · doi:10.1007/s00106-021-01015-2 · Cited by 3
Nardi, S., McGrath, M., Wido, D., Murray, L., Byrne, B., & Delk, G. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab297 · Cited by 3
Pérez-Anaya, O., Wilches-Visbal, J. H., & Jiménez‐Villamizar, M. P. (2021) · Duazary · doi:10.21676/2389783x.4226 · Cited by 3
Lee, J.-H., Dinh, T.-V., Song, C., Hong, K., & Kim, J.-C. (2021) · Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.5572/ajae.2021.100 · Cited by 3
Ali, U. S., Sukhia, R. H., & Ghandhi, D. (2021) · Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100246 · Cited by 3
Fadlika, I., Aripriharta, A., Dwiwahyono, I., Andriansyah, M. R., Gunawan, M. R., Mistakim, E., & Fakhri, A. S. (2021) · Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Pengabdian Masyarakat (JIPEMAS) · doi:10.33474/jipemas.v4i3.11007 · Cited by 3
Learning from COVID-19 and planning post-pandemic cities to reduce pathogen transmission pathways
Andres, L., Bryson, J. R., Mehanna, H. M., & Moawad, P. (2022) · Town Planning Review · doi:10.3828/tpr.2022.5 · Cited by 3
Air quality during COVID-19 lockdown and its implication toward sustainable development goals
Navinya, C., Yadav, S., Karri, R. R., & Phuleria, H. C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91307-2.00008-0 · Cited by 3
Sha, H., Zhang, X., & Qi, D. (2022) · Journal of Central South University · doi:10.1007/s11771-022-5072-z · Cited by 3
Heij, L. L., Gkantonas, S., & Mastorakos, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.3389/fmech.2023.1148276 · Cited by 3
Al‐Bazi, A., Madi, F., Abu-Monshar, A., Eliya, Y., Adediran, T. V., & Khudir, K. A. (2023) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2023.2189555 · Cited by 3
Biabani, A., Zokaei, M., Falahati, M., & Nobarani, M. (2022) · Iran Occupational Health Journal · doi:10.52547/ioh.19.1.53 · Cited by 3
Magers, B. M., Usmani, M., Wu, C., & Jutla, A. (2023) · Environmental Research Health · doi:10.1088/2752-5309/ad0320 · Cited by 3
Park, B., & Cho, J. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231206664 · Cited by 3
Shared workspace design: elements of analysis for a healthy work experience
Uluoz, E. B., & İnalhan, G. (2024) · Journal of Corporate Real Estate · doi:10.1108/jcre-04-2023-0013 · Cited by 3
Emaputra, A., Asih, E. W., Simanjuntak, R. A., Saudah, S., Wibowo, A. H., & Oesman, T. I. (2021) · Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Progresif Humanis Brainstorming · doi:10.30591/japhb.v4i2.2192 · Cited by 3
Use of Mathematical Approaches for Addressing COVID-19 Pandemic — a Critical Review
Ochoa-Barragán, R., Munguía-López, A. D. C., & Ponce‐Ortega, J. M. (2021) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-021-00190-7 · Cited by 3
Critical Capability Needs for Reduction of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Indoors
Morrow, J. B., Packman, A. I., Martinez, K. F., Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D., Goeres, D. M., Farmer, D. K., Mitchell, J., Ng, L., Hazi, Y., Schoch‐Spana, M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.641599 · Cited by 3
Self-citationDacunto, P. J., Ng, A., Moser, D. H., Tovkach, A. E., Scanlon, S., & Benson, M. J. (2022) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d1em00434d · Cited by 3
Modification of a COVID-19 Patient Testing Station With a Semiautomatic Sanitization System
Lin, Y., Zhong, N.-R., Huang, C., Su, C.-P., Shen, C.-Y., & Liao, L. (2022) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxac036 · Cited by 3
Risk Assessment and Prevention Strategy of Virus Infection in the Context of University Resumption
Chen, W., Ding, Y. H., Zhang, Y., Tian, Z., & Wei, S. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12060806 · Cited by 3
Ijaz, M., Fhrighil, S. N., Brett, R., Connolly, J., Conneely, A. J., O’Connor, G., O’Halloran, M., & Yousefian, S. (2022) · European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2022.09.007 · Cited by 3
Korichi, S., Bouchekima, B., Naïli, N., & Azzouzi, M. (2020) · Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1051/rees/2020007 · Cited by 3
Covid-19 e pratiche postnatali: una moderna parabola
Davanzo, R., & Mosca, F. (2020) · Medico e Bambino · doi:10.53126/meb39651 · Cited by 3
Zivelonghi, A., & Lai, M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.19.20248493 · Cited by 3
Lange, P., Westhoff, A., Kohl, A., & Müller, A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4028479 · Cited by 3
Action Levels for SARS-CoV-2 in Air: A Preliminary ApproachPreprint
Haas, C. N. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/erntm · Cited by 3
Calibration of low-cost portable particulate counter (PC) to standardized-certified PC
Septiana, R., Roihan, I., Riantono, A., Juan, K., & Koestoer, R. A. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0144594 · Cited by 2
Net Zero Healthy Building: Defining the Terms and Criteria with Bibliometric Analysis
Susan, S., Wardhani, D. K., Ariyanto, Y., Wonohadidjojo, D. M., & Harianto, E. (2024) · EMARA Indonesian Journal of Architecture · doi:10.29080/eija.v9i1.1419 · Cited by 2
Ventilation characteristics in a hospital where a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the winter of 2020
Hayashi, M., 村田, さ., & Kikuta, K. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100065 · Cited by 2
Bain-Reguis, N., Smith, A., Martin, C. J. H., & Currie, J. I. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177808 · Cited by 3
Occupational Transmission of Measles Despite COVID-19 Precautions
Carli, G. D., Giombini, E., Colosi, A., Fusco, M. C., Lalle, E., Berno, G., Rueca, M., Fabeni, L., Bordi, L., Maggi, F., et al. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14060519 · Cited by 2
Fluid dynamical pathways of airborne transmission while waiting in a line
Lou, R., van Mooy, M., Tarditti, G. A., Ostilla–Mónico, R., & Mathai, V. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw0985 · Cited by 2
Ghosal, K., & Adhikari, A. (2025) · Aerobiology · doi:10.3390/aerobiology3030007 · Cited by 2
The Potential of Low-rise-dense Typologies for the Post COVID-19 Urban Housing Spatial Planning
Itma, M. (2025) · Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) · doi:10.56261/jars.v23.274115 · Cited by 2
Tanaka, Y., Kikuta, K., Nakazawa, T., Sasai, Y., Ogawa, Y., Gu, Y., Mitsumoto‐Kaseida, F., Yanagihara, K., Tateda, K., & Hayashi, M. (2026) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100161 · Cited by 2
Is There an Optimal Wavelength for Germicidal Ultraviolet Air Disinfection?
Peng, Z., Ma, B., Henze, D. K., Miller, S. L., de Gouw, J. A., & Jimenez, J. L. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c02001 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAir pollution in Malaysia: current understanding and future directions
Azi, A. O., Lim, H. S., & Yohanna, E. (2026) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-026-03221-9 · Cited by 2
Maroofiazar, R., & Reveshti, A. M. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/9959278 · Cited by 2
The COVID-19 legacy: Indoor air quality, thermal comfort and energy use in english classrooms
Hussain, I., Friday, A., & Booker, D. (2026) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2026.104787 · Cited by 2
High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters to Prevent Winter Respiratory Infections in Care Homes
Hay, A. D., Brierley, R. C. M., Turner, N., Thorn, J. C., Rees, S., Brown, C. E., Campbell-Smith, L., Gidman, E. A., Henderson, E. J., Mazza, G., et al. (2026) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.2199 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Morawska, L., Tang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Cao, J., Dancer, S., Floto, A., Franchimon, F., Haworth, C., Hogeling, J., Isaxon, C., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Loomans, M., Marks, G., Marr, L. C., Mazzarella, L., Melikov, A. K., Miller, S., Milton, D. K., Nazaroff, W., Nielsen, P. V., Noakes, C., Peccia, J., Querol, X., Sekhar, C., Seppänen, O., Tanabe, S.-I., Tellier, R., Tham, K. W., Wargocki, P., Wierzbicka, A., & Yao, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Lund University (SE)
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (US)
- Tallinn University of Technology (EE)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Politecnico di Milano (IT)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Aalborg University (DK)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Yale University (US)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Aalto University (FI)
- McGill University (CA)
- Peking University (CN)
- ORCID
- Tang, Julian W.
- Bahnfleth, William
- Bluyssen, Philomena M.
- Boerstra, Atze
- Buonanno, Giorgio
- Cao, Junji
- Dancer, Stephanie
- Floto, Andres
- Haworth, Charles
- Hogeling, Jaap
- Isaxon, Christina
- Jimenez, Jose L.
- Kurnitski, Jarek
- Li, Yuguo
- Loomans, Marcel
- Marks, Guy
- Marr, Linsey C.
- Mazzarella, Livio
- Melikov, Arsen Krikor
- Miller, Shelly
- Milton, Donald K.
- Nazaroff, William
- Nielsen, Peter V.
- Noakes, Catherine
- Peccia, Jordan
- Querol, Xavier
- Sekhar, Chandra
- Seppänen, Olli
- Tanabe, Shin-ichi
- Tellier, Raymond
- Tham, Kwok Wai
- Wargocki, Pawel
- Wierzbicka, Aneta
- Yao, Maosheng
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 142
- Pages
- 105832
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7250761
- OpenAlex
- W3032857945
- Cited by
- 1,343
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 172 · 2022: 322 · 2021: 411 · 2020: 121
- FWCI
- 144.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, airborne transmission, indoor air quality, ventilation, particle filtration, air disinfection, air recirculation, overcrowding, engineering controls, infection control, public buildings, healthcare workers
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aerosols, Air Microbiology, Crowding, Disinfection, Filtration, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Ventilation, Coronavirus Infections, Inhalation Exposure, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
