Metagenomic analysis of soil microbial community under PFOA and PFOS stress
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) contamination of soil has attracted global attention in recent years but influences of PFCs on microorganisms in the soil environment have not been fully described. In this study, the effects of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) on bacterial communities were determined by Illumina Miseq sequencing and Illumina Hiseq Xten. The stimulation of PFCs pollutants on soil bacterial richness and community diversity were observed. Sequencing information indicated that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant bacterial phyla. Two genera, Bacillus and Sphingomonas, exhibited adverse responses toward PFCs pollution. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and NCBI databases were used to elucidate the proteins and function action of soil microbial to PFCs pollution. Pathways such as Carbohydrate metabolism, Global and overview maps and Membrane transport in the soil microbes were affected by PFCs stress. CAZy analysis revealed that glycosyl transferases (GTs) in PFCs-polluted soils showed more active, while glycoside hydrolases (GHs) were inhibited severely.
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The nature and concentration of PFAS chemicals, their toxicity, and bioavailability shape the microbial community, affect the biodegradation ability, and impact the biodegradation rate.
“The nature and concentration of PFAS chemicals, their toxic- ity, and bioavailability shape the microbial community, affect the biodegradation ability, and impact the biodegradation rate (Cai et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2022a,b).”
From A review of microbial degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Biotransformation routes and enzymes (2023) · cites this paper as Cai et al., 2020
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Xu, Y.-C., Morellos, A., & Mouazen, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143546
Minos, T., Stamatakis, A., & Golia, E. E. (2026) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants6030045
“…inventory for carbon and nitrogen cycling is reprogrammed, which explains why respiration and enzyme activities can be stimulated at low doses and suppressed at high doses, and why the nitrogen fixing and nitrifying guilds, being narrowly specialized, are among the first to be affected [67,85,86].”
Cai, Y.-Q., Zhou, B., Liu, S.-M., Shang, C., Yang, B.-G., Liu, Y.-Q., Zhang, S.-G., Fan, R.-X., Hassan, W., Yuan, R.-F., et al. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.125516
Self-citationLi, K., Liu, P.-R., Huang, Z.-H., Chen, Z.-L., & Wang, J. (2026) · Earth · doi:10.3390/earth7040135
“…sequencing, finding that the relative abundance of carbon metabolism genes in PFAS-contaminated soils was higher than in the control group [43], and they found the abundance of six enzymes involved in soil carbon metabolism was significantly elevated in PFOS-contaminated soils, while…”
Self-citationPerfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) restructures the rhizosphere microbiome of Lupinus polyphyllus
Odoh, C. K., Liu, Y., Samarasinghe, S. V. A. C., & Naidu, R. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143219
PFAS in soil systems: rethinking microbial responses, methodological biases and emerging risks
Mehmood, N., Rajput, V. D., Mazhar, S., Hyder, S., Banerjee, S., Gedefaw, M., Mandzhieva, S., Iqbal, R., Ullah, S., Alliluev, I., et al. (2026) · Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability · doi:10.1080/26395940.2026.2706235
Wu, Y., Wang, W.-B., Wang, Z., Peng, Y., Tian, X.-L., Tang, J., Liu, W.-D., Yan, J.-B., & Li, H. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.06.038
Hu, H., Yan, N., Guo, Z. Z., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Brusseau, M. L., & Zhang, F. (2026) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2026.126220
Calcagnile, M., Giuliano, A., Paladini, F., Villani, S., Tredici, S. M., Dondero, F., Nassisi, V., & Alifano, P. (2025) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol5040143
“…prolonged exposure to PFAS in soils, sediments and vadose regions leads to a marked reduction in biodiversity and an enrichment of specific bacterial phyla, particularly Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, which exhibit greater intrinsic resistance to PFAS than other phyla [27,31,34].”
Niavol, K. P., Achary, M. P., Suri, R., & Andaluri, G. (2025) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109170
- Authors
- Cai, Y., Chen, H., Yuan, R., Wang, F., Chen, Z., & Zhou, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology Beijing (CN)
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Huilun
- Zhou, Beihai
- Venue
- Environmental Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 188
- Pages
- 109838
- ISSN
- 0013-9351 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3039644962
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorinated compounds, soil microbial communities, soil bacteria, bacterial diversity, bacterial richness, carbohydrate-active enzymes, glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, soil contamination
- MeSH terms
- Fluorocarbons, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil Pollutants, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Microbiota
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