A state-of-the-art of phytoremediation approach for sustainable management of heavy metals recovery

Organic soil amendments (biosolids, sewage sludge, animal manure) and inorganic soil amendments (P fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides) are major sources of PTEs in soil ecosystems.

“Organic soil amendments, such as biosolids (sewage sludge and animal manure), and inorganic soil amendments, such as P fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides are the major sources of PTEs in soil ecosystems (Tan et al. 2023a, b;Huang et al. 2020).”

Metal(loid) contaminants phytoextracted into harvestable plant parts can be recovered through agromining and phytomining; bio-ores often have lower sulfur and higher metal(loid) levels than mineral ores; recovery can use pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and pyrohydrometallurgical processes; revenues range from $US1.8/kg to more than $US39,000/kg depending on element; feasibility depends on植物

“Metal(loid) contaminants that are phytoextracted into harvestable plant parts can be recovered through agro mining and phytomining processes.”

Phytoremediation reduces the need for excessive energy inputs compared with traditional remediation techniques.

“In contrast, phytoremediation operates within the existing ecological framework, reducing the need for excessive energy inputs (Tan et al. 2023a, b).”

The capability of post-treatment disposal and handling methods to achieve an acceptable balance between economic viability and environmental impacts is a major obstacle for their implementation.

“However, the capability of these methods to achieve an acceptable balance between economic viability and environmental impacts has been reported to be one of the major obstacles for their implementation (Tan et al. 2023a, b).”