Disparities and Trends in Genitourinary Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the USA
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported on incidence and mortality patterns for individual genitourinary cancers in the USA. However, these studies addressed individual cancer types rather than genitourinary cancers overall. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively examine disparities and trends in the incidence and mortality for the four major genitourinary cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate, and testis) in the USA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We obtained incidence data from the National Cancer Institute 22-registry Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database and the US Cancer Statistics database (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics to examine cross-sectional and temporal trends in incidence and death rates stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and county. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Age-adjusted incidence and death rates were calculated using SEER*Stat software. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression for a two-sided significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Incidence and mortality rates for bladder and kidney cancers were two to four times higher for men than for women. Among non-Hispanic White individuals, the highest incidence rates were found in the Northeast for bladder cancer and in Appalachia for kidney cancer, whereas the highest death rates for prostate cancer were found in the West. Incidence rates increased for cancers of the kidney and testis and for advanced-stage prostate cancer in almost all racial/ethnic populations and for bladder cancer in the American Indian/Alaska Native population. Death rates increased for testicular cancer in the Hispanic population and stabilized for prostate cancer among White and Asian American/Pacific Islander men after a steady decline since the early 1990s. Study limitations include misclassification of race/ethnicity on medical records and death certificates. CONCLUSIONS: We found persistent sociodemographic disparities and unfavorable trends in incidence or mortality for all four major genitourinary cancers. Future studies should elucidate the reasons for these patterns. PATIENT SUMMARY: In the USA, rates of cancer cases are increasing for kidney, testis, and advanced-stage prostate cancers in the overall population, and for bladder cancer in the American Indian/Alaska Native population. Differences in the rates by sex and race/ethnicity remain.
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In the United States, prostate cancer mortality rates have stabilized during the most recent period after declining for several decades, in part because of the increase in advanced-stage disease.
“In the United States, mortality rates have stabilized during the most recent period after declining for several decades, in part because of the increase in advancedstage disease.103,104”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [104]
The Results report that prostate cancer death rates declined from the early 1990s, but in the most recent five-year period the decline ceased only for White and AAPI men; it slowed for Black and Hispanic men. The Discussion attributes the stabilization among White and AAPI men partly to increased distant-stage disease. The claim omits that population qualifier and describes stabilization as a US-wide trend. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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References 30 · Cited by 114
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Authors
- Schafer, E. J., Jemal, A., Wiese, D., Sung, H., Kratzer, T. B., Islami, F., Dahut, W. L., & Knudsen, K. E.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jemal, Ahmedin
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Urology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 117-126
- ISSN
- 0302-2838 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4312140970
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 11
- FWCI
- 9.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Urology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Testicular diseases and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- genitourinary cancer, cancer incidence trends, cancer mortality trends, racial and ethnic disparities, sex disparities, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, American Indian and Alaska Native populations, Hispanic population, Appalachia, regional variation in cancer rates
- MeSH terms
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Kidney Neoplasms, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Testicular Neoplasms, United States, Incidence, SEER Program
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