The evolution of A‐, F‐, and V‐type ATP synthases and ATPases: reversals in function and changes in the H+/ATP coupling ratio

Members of the F o F 1 , A o A 1 and V o V 1 family of ATP synthases and ATPases have undergone at least two reversals in primary function. The first was from a progenitor proton‐pumping ATPase to a proton‐driven ATP synthase. The second involved transforming the synthase back into a proton‐pumpi…