The chlamydial developmental cycle: Figure 1
Abstract
Intracellular parasitism by bacterial pathogens is a complex, multi-factorial process that has been exploited successfully by a wide variety of organisms. Members of the Order Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular bacteria that are transmitted as metabolically inactive particles and must differentiate, replicate, and re-differentiate within the host cell to carry out their life cycle. Understanding the developmental cycle has been greatly advanced by the availability of complete genome sequences, DNA microarrays, and advanced cell biology techniques. Measuring transcriptional changes throughout the cycle has allowed investigators to determine the nature of the temporal gene expression changes required for bacterial growth and development.
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Outside of host cells, Chlamydiae exist as infectious, biologically inactive elementary bodies (EBs), which exhibit strong resistance to environmental stress.
“Outside of host cells, Chlamydiae exist as infectious, biologically inactive elementary bodies (EBs), which exhibit strong resistance to environmental stress.”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
After approximately 72 h (in cell culture), the RBs transform into EBs, which are released by cell lysis and can infect new cells.
“After approximately 72 h (in cell culture), the RBs transform into EBs, which are released by cell lysis and can infect new cells (exit via extrusion of membrane-bound compartments can also occur39).”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
RBs replicate in inclusions (modified cellular vacuoles), which expand in size as the bacteria replicate.
“RBs replicate in inclusions (modified cellular vacuoles), which expand in size as the bacteria replicate.”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria with a unique biphasic life-cycle.
“Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria with a unique biphasic life-cycle reviewed in36.”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
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Chacko, A., Delbaz, A., Walkden, H., Basu, S., Armitage, C. W., Eindorf, T., Trim, L. K., Miller, E., West, N. P., St John, J. A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bellmann-Weiler, R., Martinz, V., Kurz, K., Engl, S., Feistritzer, C., Fuchs, D., Rupp, J., Paldanius, M., & Weiss, G. (2010) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.021 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
- Authors
- AbdelRahman, Y. M., & Belland, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Belland, Robert J.
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 949-959
- ISSN
- 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6976
- OpenAlex
- W2119656536
- Cited by
- 631
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 71735-02, R01HL071735)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Keywords
- Chlamydiales, chlamydial developmental cycle, obligate intracellular bacteria, bacterial differentiation, gene expression, gene expression changes, bacterial life cycle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Chlamydia, HeLa Cells, Humans, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
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