The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Fertility—a human right worthy of mandated insurance coverage: the evolution, limitations, and future of access to care
Open accessAbstract
We review the history, current status, and potential future of state infertility mandates and focus on the business implications of mandates and on the inadequacies and reproductive injustice resulting from gaps between legislative intent and practical implementation. Nineteen states have passed laws that require insurers to either cover or offer coverage for infertility diagnoses and treatment. The qualifications for coverage, extent of coverage, and exemptions vary drastically from one state to another, resulting in deficiencies in access to care even within mandated states for certain groups, such as single individuals, patients in same-sex relationships, and patients pursuing fertility preservation. Although insurance coverage of fertility services in the United States has expanded as an increasing number of states have enacted infertility mandates, significant gaps in implementation and access remain even among states with existing mandates. Provider, patient, and legislative advocacy is warranted in the name of reproductive justice to expand insurance coverage and, in turn, maximize reproductive outcomes, which have been shown to improve as financial barriers are lifted.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is essential to compare similar metrics when assessing ART utilization.
“It is essential to compare similar metrics when assessing utilization (Adashi and Dean, 2016; Dyer et al., 2020; Kawwass et al., 2021; Beroukhim et al., 2022).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as Kawwass et al., 2021
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 36
- International Conference on Population and Development. In. Cairo, Egypt, 1994. Available at https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development
- Zegers-Hochschild, 2009, International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009, Fertil Steril, 92, 1520, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009 · DOI
- Boulet, 2015, Embryo transfer practices and perinatal outcomes by insurance mandate status, Fertil Steril, 104, 403, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.015 · DOI
- Kissin, 2016, Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance and Research Team. Fertility treatments in the United States: improving access and outcomes, Obstet Gynecol, 128, 387, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001419 · DOI
- Griffin, 1998, The economic cost of infertility-related services: an examination of the Massachusetts infertility insurance mandate, Fertil Steril, 70, 22, 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00107-1 · DOI
- Hidlebaugh, 1997, Cost of assisted reproductive technologies for a health maintenance organization, J Reprod Med, 42, 570
- Jain, 2002, Insurance coverage and outcomes of in vitro fertilization, N Engl J Med, 347, 661, 10.1056/NEJMsa013491 · DOI
- Insogna, 2018, Infertility, inequality, and how lack of insurance coverage compromises reproductive autonomy, AMA J Ethics, 20, E1152, 10.1001/amajethics.2018.1152 · DOI
- Martin, 2011, Insurance coverage and in vitro fertilization outcomes: a U.S. perspective, Fertil Steril, 95, 964, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.030 · DOI
- Provost, 2016, State insurance mandates and multiple birth rates after in vitro fertilization, Obstet Gynecol, 128, 1205, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001733 · DOI
- Omurtag, 2009, Economic implications of insurance coverage for in vitro fertilization in the United States: a review, J Reprod Med, 54, 661
- Menzel, 2011, The cultural moral right to a basic minimum of accessible health care, Kennedy Inst Ethics J, 21, 79, 10.1353/ken.2011.0003 · DOI
- Adashi, 2016, Access to and use of infertility services in the United States: framing the challenges, Fertil Steril, 105, 1113, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.01.017 · DOI · Paper page
- Johnston, 2013, Why we should all pay for fertility treatment: an argument from ethics and policy, Hastings Cent Rep, 43, 18, 10.1002/hast.155 · DOI
- Adashi, 2018, Against all odds: the first state infertility mandate (Maryland), Fertil Steril, 110, 824, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.012 · DOI
- Association RNI. Infertility Coverage by State. In. Vol. 2020, 2020. Available at: https://resolve.org/what-are-my-options/insurance-coverage/infertility-coverage-state/. Accessed August 4, 2020.
- Blake, 2011, It's an art not a science: state-mandated insurance coverage of assisted reproductive technologies and legal implications for gay and unmarried persons, Minnesota J Law Sci Tech, 12
- Liu JJ, Adashi EY. Selective justice: state mandates for assisted reproductive technology and reproductive justice. In, 2013. Available at: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34571202. Accessed August 4, 2020.
- Kyweluk, 2019, Fertility preservation legislation in the United States: potential implications for transgender individuals, LGBT Health, 6, 331, 10.1089/lgbt.2019.0017 · DOI
- Learmonth, 2018, Barriers to insurance coverage for transgender patients, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 219, 272.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.046 · DOI
- Dupree, 2016, Inequity between male and female coverage in state infertility laws, Fertil Steril, 105, 1519, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.02.025 · DOI
- Burns, 2018, Fertility preservation options in pediatric and adolescent patients with cancer, Cancer, 124, 1867, 10.1002/cncr.31255 · DOI
- Campo-Engelstein, 2010, For the sake of consistency and fairness: why insurance companies should cover fertility preservation treatment for iatrogenic infertility, Cancer Treat Res, 156, 381, 10.1007/978-1-4419-6518-9_29 · DOI
- Cardozo, 2017, Mandating coverage for fertility preservation: a step in the right direction, N Engl J Med, 377, 1607, 10.1056/NEJMp1709585 · DOI
- Walter, 2017, A call for fertility preservation coverage for breast cancer patients: the cost of consistency, J Natl Cancer Inst, 109, 10.1093/jnci/djx006 · DOI
- Sax, 2020, Inconsistent mandated access to fertility preservation: a review of relevant state legislation, Obstet Gynecol, 135, 848, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003758 · DOI
- Oktay, 2018, Fertility preservation in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update, J Clin Oncol, 36, 1994, 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.1914 · DOI
- Young, 2019, Fertility counseling before cancer treatment and subsequent reproductive concerns among female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors, Cancer, 125, 980, 10.1002/cncr.31862 · DOI
- Korkidakis, 2019, Patterns of referral for fertility preservation among female adolescents and young adults with breast cancer: a population-based study, J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol, 8, 197, 10.1089/jayao.2018.0102 · DOI
- Chin, 2016, Which female cancer patients fail to receive fertility counseling before treatment in the state of Georgia?, Fertil Steril, 106, 1763, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.034 · DOI
- Flink, 2017, A review of the oncology patient's challenges for utilizing fertility preservation services, J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol, 6, 31, 10.1089/jayao.2015.0065 · DOI
- Preservation AfF. Fertility Preservation: State Laws and Legislation. In. Vol. 2020, 2020. Available at: https://www.allianceforfertilitypreservation.org/advocacy/state-legislation. Accessed August 4, 2020.
- 2016, Electronic address AAO, Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive M. Financial "risk-sharing" or refund programs in assisted reproduction: an Ethics Committee opinion, Fertil Steril, 106, e8, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.003 · DOI
- Boulet, 2019, US state-level infertility insurance mandates and health plan expenditures on infertility treatments, Matern Child Health J, 23, 623, 10.1007/s10995-018-2675-y · DOI
- Dieke, 2017, Disparities in assisted reproductive technology utilization by race and ethnicity, United States, 2014: a commentary, J Womens Health (Larchmt), 26, 605, 10.1089/jwh.2017.6467 · DOI
- Jones, 2009, Strategies for designing an efficient insurance fertility benefit: a 21st century approach, Fertil Steril, 91, 2295, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.006 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fauser, B. C. J. M., Adamson, G. D., Boivin, J., Chambers, G. M., de Geyter, C., Dyer, S., Inhorn, M. C., Schmidt, L., Serour, G. I., Tarlatzis, B., et al. (2024) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmad028 · Cited by 224
“It is essential to compare similar metrics when assessing utilization (Adashi and Dean, 2016; Dyer et al. , 2020; Kawwass et al. , 2021; Beroukhim et al. , 2022).”
BackgroundThe Future of IVF: The New Normal in Human Reproduction
Kushnir, V., Smith, G. D., & Adashi, E. (2022) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00829-3 · Cited by 95
“The concept that fertility is a basic human right is just starting to gain traction and is sure to accelerate wider adoption of such policies [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSagaser, K. G., Malinowski, J. R., Westerfield, L. E., Proffitt, J., Hicks, M. A., Toler, T. L., Blakemore, K. J., Stevens, B., & Oakes, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1676 · Cited by 73
“…may not reasonably have access to risk- reducing family planning methods, and the right for access to infertility services, such as IVF, are federally protected but not necessarily a guaranteed provision by the state (Adashi & Dean, 2016; Kawwass et al., 2021; World Health Organization, n.d.).”
BackgroundPeipert, B. J., Montoya, M. N., Bedrick, B. S., Seifer, D. B., & Jain, T. (2022) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-022-00984-5 · Cited by 77
“Historically, opponents to mandated coverage of fertility treatments have argued that the aggregate cost of increased per capita IVF utilization and the resulting increase in associated multiple births are too expensive to be covered by insurance [32].”
BackgroundInfluentialFertility preservation in female cancer sufferers: (only) a moral obligation?
Zaami, S., Stark, M., Signore, F., Gullo, G., & Marinelli, E. (2022) · European journal of contraception & reproductive health care · doi:10.1080/13625187.2022.2045936 · Cited by 55
“fertility and procedures for preventing or reversing iatrogenic infertility [69,70].”
BackgroundRodriguez‐Wallberg, K. A., Obedin‐Maliver, J., Taylor, B., van Mello, N. M., Tilleman, K., & Nahata, L. (2022) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2035883 · Cited by 69
“While the legislative push to increase coverage is promising, many gaps remain (Sax et al., 2020), highlighting the need for more advocacy to ensure reproductive justice (Kawwass et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe impact of religion and culture on medically assisted reproduction in the Middle East and Europe
Serour, G. I., & Serour, A. G. (2021) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.06.002 · Cited by 36
Assessment of Health Insurance Benefit Mandates for Fertility Preservation Among 11 US States
Ortega, R. E. F., Yoeun, S. W., Mesina, O., Kaiser, B. N., McMenamin, S. B., & Su, H. I. (2021) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.4309 · Cited by 30
“To date, commentaries have discussed these laws, 9,10,13 but none have systematically analyzed them using a health policy and implementation lens to shape future legislation or inform implementation considerations by insurers and clinics.”
A Brief Overview of Radiation-Induced Effects on Spermatogenesis and Oncofertility
Fukunaga, H., Yokoya, A., & Prise, K. M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14030805 · Cited by 34
“and be asked to sign an informed consent form [79].”
BackgroundChronic endometritis: screening, treatment, and pregnancy outcomes in an academic fertility center
HogenEsch, E., Hojjati, R., Komorowski, A. S., Maniar, K. P., Pavone, M. E., Bakkensen, J. B., & Bernardi, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-023-02902-z · Cited by 26
Salih, M., Austin, C., Mantravadi, K., Seow, E., Jitanantawittaya, S., Reddy, S., Vollenhoven, B. J., Rezatofighi, H., & Horta, F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02076-x · Cited by 20
Correia, K. F. B., Kraschel, K., & Seifer, D. B. (2022) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.10.043 · Cited by 39
Raja, N. S., Russell, C. B., & Moravek, M. B. (2022) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.012 · Cited by 28
Sauerbrun‐Cutler, M., Rollo, A., Gadson, A. K., & Eaton, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13041072 · Cited by 24
“For this reason, women who have no insurance coverage are less likely to receive FP counseling by their providers [16–19].”
BackgroundOlive, E. C., Bull, C. F., Gordon, A., Davies-Tuck, M. L., Wang, R., & Callander, E. J. (2024) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deae039 · Cited by 20
“The provision or proportion of government funding can also vary with maternal age, existence of older children, and female BMI (Calhaz-Jorge et al. , 2020; Kawwass et al. , 2021).”
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) patient information-seeking behavior: a qualitative study
Mayette, E., Scalise, A. L., Li, A., McGeorge, N., James, K. E., & Mahalingaiah, S. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03183-z · Cited by 16
Access to ART treatment and gender equality
Chambers, G. M., & Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2021) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.02.011 · Cited by 14
Infertility Prevention and Health Promotion: The Role of Nurses in Public Health Initiatives
Shirazi, M. S. R., Salarkarimi, F., Moghadasi, F., Mahmoudikohani, F., Tajik, F., & Nejad, Z. B. (2024) · Galen medical journal · doi:10.31661/gmj.v13i.3534 · Cited by 12
“In many countries, infertility care is not included in public health insurance, making access to fertility treatments and ART financially unat - tainable for a large portion of the population [74, 85].”
Marinaro, J., & Goldstein, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154593 · Cited by 12
“While 19 states have passed laws that require insurers to either cover or offer coverage for fertility diagnoses and treatment, the qualifications and extent of coverage vary significantly [169].”
BackgroundVakili, S., Samare‐Najaf, M., Karimi, A., Jahromi, B. N., Mohit, M., & Hashempur, M. H. (2024) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03520-x · Cited by 8
“In fact, infertility is considered a special clinical complication that involves two persons and causes remarkable psychological and social distress as well as a substantial economic burden on both patients and the healthcare system (Kawwass et al. 2021).”
Prevalence and predictive factors for infertility-related stress among infertile couples
Jaber, D., Basheer, H., Albsoul-Younes, A. M., Elsalem, L., Hamadneh, J., Dweib, M., & Ahmedah, H. (2022) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2022.43.10.20220411 · Cited by 11
Swift, A., Thomas, E., Larson, K. L., Swanson, M. S., & Fernandez-Pineda, M. (2024) · Sexual & Reproductive HealthCare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2024.100955 · Cited by 10
Weiss, M. S., & Marsh, E. E. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005354 · Cited by 21
REI clinics and fellowship training—a national snapshot to improve access to reproductive care
Diego, D., Shandley, L., Feinberg, E., Cedars, M., Adashi, E., Kawwass, J., & Hipp, H. (2023) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-023-02868-y · Cited by 9
“Increasing state-mandated fertility coverage may help improve access to care [18] as there are only fourteen states that require coverage for IVF.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIn vitro fertilization: a cross-sectional analysis of 58 US insurance companies
Ha, M., Drees, A., Myers, M., Finkelstein, E. R., Dandulakis, M., Reindorf, M., Roque, D., Beall, S., Slezak, S. S., & Rasko, Y. M. (2022) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-022-02697-5 · Cited by 9
“[13] In Arkansas, the state mandate only guarantees coverage until a lifetime maximum of $15,000 is reached, despite the average cost of a single IVF cycle estimated to be $12,400 in the USA.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Fast Track to Fertility Program: Rapid Cycle Innovation to Redesign Fertility Care
Senapati, S., Asch, D., Merchant, R., Rosin, R., Seltzer, E., Mancheno, C., & Dokras, A. (2022) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.22.0065 · Cited by 8
Is telehealth a valuable resource in reproductive endocrinology and infertility?
Parry, J. P., Chen, S. H., Ku, L. T., Anderson, K. L., Keller, S. L., Omurtag, K. R., & Alvero, R. J. (2022) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.02.001 · Cited by 8
Fertility Benefits at Top U.S. Medical Schools
Hoang, K., Evans, N., Aghajanova, L., Talib, H. J., Linos, E., & Gold, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0486 · Cited by 7
“14 Within the technology sectors, many companies offer extensive fertility benefits allowing for multiple treatment cycles and with few restrictions, to improve recruitment and retention of employees.”
Chavan, R. G., Joshi, S., Kumar, R., & Barde, S. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1262_25 · Cited by 4
“[8] Many couples in India depend on loans or help from relatives, [9] whereas in South Africa, women in the lowest income group were 75% less likely to get care than women in the highest income group.”
Sbaity, E., Ramadan, N., Slim, A., Diab, T., Kazarian, H., Tarhini, A., Charafeddine, M., Ghazeeri, G. S., Bazarbachi, A. A., Cheikh, J. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-025-03461-1 · Cited by 6
“Studies have found that even in developed countries, the cost of FP is a major barrier for patients [31].”
Family building and pregnancy experiences of cisgender sexual minority women
Tordoff, D. M., Moseson, H., Ragosta, S., Hastings, J., Flentje, A., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Lunn, M. R., & Obedin‐Maliver, J. (2023) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100298 · Cited by 9
New Insights on Sperm Function in Male Infertility of Unknown Origin: A Multimodal Approach
Pacheco, R. I., Cristo, M. I., Anjo, S. I., Silva, A. F., Sousa, M. I., Tavares, R. S., Sousa, A. P., Almeida‐Santos, T., Moura‐Ramos, M., Caramelo, F. J., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13101462 · Cited by 9
Lewinsohn, R., Zheng, Y., Rosenberg, S. M., Ruddy, K., Tamimi, R., Schapira, L., Peppercorn, J., Borges, V., Come, S., Snow, C., et al. (2022) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2022.12.012 · Cited by 6
Jones, C., Hawkins, L., Friedman, C., Hitkari, J., McMahon, E., & Born, K. (2021) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06453-z · Cited by 6
“Fertility treatments can be expensive and difficult to access for many people [1].”
BackgroundChrist, J. P., Vu, M. H., Mehr, H., Jackson-Bey, T., & Herndon, C. N. (2021) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.10.001 · Cited by 7
“2S / MAY 2022 states (Colorado, Delaware, New Hampshire, and New York) have passed legislation for comprehensive coverage in the last 3 years (16).”
BackgroundNjagi, P., Groot, W., Arsenijević, J., Mburu, G., Chambers, G., Calhaz-Jorge, C., & Kiarie, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318780 · Cited by 5
Romero, S. A. D., Au, L., Ortega, R. E. F., Helsten, T. L., Palomino, H., Kaiser, B. N., Echevarria, M., Lukas, K., Freeman, K., Zou, J., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107537 · Cited by 4
Violette, C. J., & Nguyen, B. T. (2023) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2023.04.003 · Cited by 6
“95 Some 831 (16) 25 (17) A little 663 (12) 23 (14) Not at all 2,648 (53) 86 (51) Ever pregnant Yes 3,229 (64) 38 (26) < .”
BackgroundInfluentialEliason, E. L., Thoma, M. E., & Steenland, M. W. (2023) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2023.03.003 · Cited by 9
Infertility: still a largely uncovered and undertreated disease
Quaas, A. M., & Manoj, M. (2021) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-021-02205-1 · Cited by 6
“And while an increasing number of states in the USA— currently nineteen—have enacted infertility mandates, gaps in implementation of the mandates and access to fertility services remain [6].”
BackgroundLin, C.-W., Wu, Y.-H., Su, P.-F., Mau, Y.-L., Hsu, C., Ou, H.-T., & Wu, M.-H. (2024) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2024.11.022 · Cited by 4
Swain, M., Miller, M. E., Cannella, C., Doe, S., Petersen, L., & Bensenhaver, J. (2024) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2024.09.003 · Cited by 4
Mahabamunuge, J., & Seifer, D. B. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082224 · Cited by 13
“For instance, IVF is often excluded from these mandates, and when IVF is included, a trial of IUI is typically required before only a limited number of IVF cycles become eligible [49].”
BackgroundPeipert, B. J., Mebane, S. A., Edmonds, M. E., Watch, L., & Jain, T. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2023.08.002 · Cited by 7
Masterson, K., Norris, A. H., & Bornstein, M. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100552 · Cited by 3
Decreasing Fertility Rate in the United States: Demographics, Challenges, and Consequences
Dilmaghani, D., Ainsworth, A. J., Nath, K. A., & Garovic, V. D. (2024) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2024.09.004 · Cited by 5
Humphrey, V., Wyant, W., & Brag, K. O. (2024) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-024-02882-9 · Cited by 3
Su, H.-C. I., Kaiser, B. N., Crable, E. L., Ortega, R. F., Yoeun, S. W., Economou, M. A., Fernandez, E., Romero, S. A. D., Aarons, G. A., & McMenamin, S. B. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01343-1 · Cited by 7
Fertility care for all: impact of New York State’s Medicaid expansion on infertility care
Vu, M. H., Stuehling, D., Li, D., & Alur-Gupta, S. (2023) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-023-02979-6 · Cited by 4
“However, the qualifications for coverage, extent of coverage, and exemptions vary drastically between states resulting in differences in access to fertility care even within mandated states [12].”
Su, H. I., Kaiser, B. N., Crable, E. L., Ortega, R. F., Yoeun, S. W., Economou, M. A., Fernandez, E., Romero, S., Aarons, G. A., & McMenamin, S. B. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3340894/v1 · Cited by 3
Jia, H.-W. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13257-9 · Cited by 2
“Empirical research from both developed and developing countries has supported this view, linking access to public insurance with greater reproductive confidence and planning [13–16].”
Comprehensive Analysis of Mail-In Andrology Kits Compared to Traditional Clinic Collection.
Kassab, J., Westbrook, P., Joshi, P., & Schoor, R. (2025) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2025.04.023 · Cited by 2
Dailey, S., Campion, M., Zayhowski, K., & Monseur, B. (2025) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2025.05.007 · Cited by 2
“Insurance companies often provide coverage on the basis of a heterosexual and cisgender de fi nition of medical infertility; thus, many male same-sex couples have limited or no insurance coverage (29).”
Teymourlouy, A. A., Moeini, S., Ketabchi, E., Sheikhrobat, M. V., & Shamsaei, M. (2024) · Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1136/gocm-2024-000045 · Cited by 2
Fitzgerald, O., Dyer, S., Zegers-Hochschild, F., Keller, E., Adamson, G., & Chambers, G. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead225 · Cited by 2
Iwamoto, A., Summers, K. M., & Mancuso, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-022-02687-7 · Cited by 3
“Many of these mandates specify inclusion criteria only applicable to heterosexual, partnered couples [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialCost Considerations of Direct to Consumer Infertility Testing and Sperm Cryopreservation
Shin, A., & Kathrins, M. (2026) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-026-01323-6 · Cited by 1
“Insurance coverage is largely driven by statewide mandates which are slowly expanding in the United States [ 16 ].”
Insights into Infertility and Pregnancy among Female Ophthalmologists.
Lahoti, S., Gupta, D., Andrade, L. M. D., Sun, G., Alur-Gupta, S., & Srikumaran, D. (2025) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.10.032 · Cited by 1
Gracia, C. R., Flyckt, R. L., Brooks, M., Hill, M. J., Jain, T., Sakkas, D., Pier, B. D., Steiner, A. Z., Anderson, J., Tanrikut, C., et al. (2025) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.08.003 · Cited by 1
Covering the Costs: Attitudes Toward Reproductive Health Funding Sources in the United States
Overton, R. S., Richmond, K., & Erchull, M. J. (2025) · Women's Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2025.2467133 · Cited by 1
Nietsch, K. S., Dubois, B., Band, I. C., Kripalani, S., Gounko, D., Lee, J. A., Flisser, E. D., Copperman, A. B., & Estevez, S. L. (2025) · LGBT Health · doi:10.1089/lgbt.2024.0199 · Cited by 2
Boedeker, D., Hunkler, K., Lindner, P. G., Phillips, K., Hill, M., Plowden, T., & Cole, R. (2024) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usae327 · Cited by 1
Addressing reproductive healthcare disparities: strategies for achieving health equity
Moridi, I. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.29328/journal.cjog.1001128 · Cited by 6
Male same-sex couples and surrogate motherhood: at a crossroads
Molina-Ricaurte, C. J., & Buelvas, J. E. T. (2022) · Ius et Praxis · doi:10.4067/s0718-00122022000300155 · Cited by 1
Bioethics in the adversities of access to infertility treatment
Oppenheimer, D., Caldas, C. P., Rêgo, F., & Nunes, R. (2024) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420243672en · Cited by 1
“Infertility treatment is thus considered a human rights issue, but in practice its inclusion as mandatory coverage often depends on justifications 25 .”
We Are Family: Queer and Transgender Family Building
Gess, J. M., Wolff-Tseng, N., Phelps, K., & Morley, M. (2024) · Journal of Counseling Sexology and Sexual Wellness · doi:10.34296/05012003 · Cited by 1
“Specifically, insurance will not cover assisted reproduction for individuals which do not meet the outdated definition of “infertility” as defined in the previous section (Kawwass et al., 2021; World Health Organization, 2018).”
Soofi, M., Matin, B. K., Mahaki, B., Alipoor, Z., & Karyani, A. K. (2026) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s652104
“6,13 These issues are particularly relevant in Iran.”
Vachlova, O. S., & Roslaya, N. A. (2026) · Medicine and health care organization · doi:10.56871/mhco.2026.36.13.005
Stanford, J. B., Harris, E., Najmabadi, S., & Smith, K. R. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2026.1856175
Yu, L. X., & McGowan, M. (2026) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-026-00462-4
The California infertility insurance mandate: another step toward reproductive justice?
Quaas, A., & Adashi, E. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2025.10.014
Self-citationAssisted reproductive technology utilization for cancer survivors: how we can do better.
Hupy, E., Khan, Z., Ainsworth, A., & Shenoy, C. C. P. (2025) · Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djaf101
Impact of native language on the pursuit of fertility care
Almquist, R. G., Young, M. R., Genet, M., & Hipp, H. S. (2025) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2025.105055
Countering stigma and misconceptions associated with infertility
Shrivastava, S. R., Bobhate, P., & Nair, N. (2025) · Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction · doi:10.4103/apjr.apjr_14_25
Informed consent in assisted reproductive technology: Implications for pediatric clinicians
Graham, M., Blee, S. M., Pentz, R., Roebuck, E. H., Hoon, A., & Black, M. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16189
“24 As a result, patients may be willing to take on additional risk to decrease the number of additional cycles they will pay for.”
Molina-Ricaurte, C. J. (2024) · Jurídicas · doi:10.17151/jurid.2024.21.1.3
Validation of prognosis-based in vitro fertilization grant selection criteria
Bakkensen, J. B., Heisler, E., Bolten, K., Yılmaz, B., Smiley, J. P., Hirshfeld-Cytron, J., & Feinberg, E. (2023) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2023.06.006
“Even in mandated states, coverage is not universal (4).”
BackgroundDesigning and implementing state-level fertility preservation health insurance benefit mandates
Flores, R. E., Yoeun, S. W., Mesina, O., Kaiser, B., McMenamin, S. B., & Su, H. I. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.13.21258849
“To date, patients, advocates, healthcare providers, medical societies and policymakers have championed these laws, but the effectiveness of this health policy intervention in increasing access to FP services is unknown.(4-11) Healthcare providers in states with benefit mandate laws have experienced significant variati…”
BackgroundBioética en las adversidades del acceso al tratamiento de infertilidad
Oppenheimer, D., Caldas, C. P., Rêgo, F., & Nunes, R. (2024) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420243672es
“Por lo tanto, el tratamiento de la infertili - dad se considera una cuestión de derechos humanos, pero, en la práctica, su inclusión como cobertura obli - gatoria depende a menudo de una justificación 25 .”
Bioética nas adversidades do acesso ao tratamento de infertilidade
Oppenheimer, D., Caldas, C. P., Rêgo, F., & Nunes, R. (2024) · Revista Bioética · doi:10.1590/1983-803420243672pt
“O tratamento de infertilidade é, portanto, considerado uma questão de direitos humanos, mas, na prática, sua inclusão como cobertura obrigatória geralmente depende de justificativas 25 .”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kawwass, J. F., Penzias, A. S., & Adashi, E. Y.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kawwass, Jennifer F.
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-42
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3111517682
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- health insurance coverage, infertility treatment, reproductive justice, access to fertility care, state legislation, fertility preservation, same-sex couples, single people, financial barriers to care
- MeSH terms
- Sexual and Gender Minorities, Female, Fertility, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Infertility, Insurance, Health, Male, Pregnancy, United States, Insurance Coverage, Mandatory Programs, Reproductive Rights, History, 21st Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
