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Cited by 88Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesPostharvest Quality and Shelf Life ManagementBioactive Compounds in Plants

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Monitoring the changes in phenolic compounds and carotenoids occurring during fruit development in the tissues of four citrus fruits

Multari, Salvatore, Licciardello, Concetta, Caruso, Marco, Martens, Stefan·2020·Food Research International
DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109228
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Abstract

Citrus are fruit crops that are widely cultivated in Southern Italy. The phytochemical profile of citrus depends on the species, the tissue and the ripening stage. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis of the phenolic compounds and carotenoids from four citrus species cultivated in the region of Sicily, Southern Italy, between and within the different tissues and the ripening stages. The selected species were pummelo [C. maxima (Burm. ex Rumph.) Merr.] cv. 'Chandler', lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. f] cv. 'Akragas', and sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cvs 'Tarocco' and 'Washington navel'. Fruits were harvested four times every five weeks from Sep 2018 to Jan 2019. At any stage, flavedo and albedo showed the highest contents of phytochemicals. Elevated levels of phenolic compounds, e.g., narirutin, were found in the flavedo of unripe lemon and 'Tarocco' orange (54.8 ± 8.15 and 248 ± 30.3 mg kg-1 dw, respectively). Narirutin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during maturity. An analogous trend (p < 0.05) was observed in the albedos of unripe pummelo and 'Washington navel' orange for vanillic acid (47.7 ± 8.31 and 54.7 ± 9.06 mg kg-1 dw, respectively). Phenolics decreased during maturity in the juice sacs as well, apart from lemon, e.g., hesperidin peaked at the last developmental stage (2213 ± 173 mg kg-1 dw; p < 0.0001). With regard to carotenoids, flavedos were the richest tissues. In general, flavedos increased the levels of carotenoids during ripening, apart from pummelo in which cumulative carotenoids were the highest in September (135 ± 16.5 mg kg-1 dw). Violaxanthin was the main carotenoid of the juice sacs, and was abundant in ripe 'Washington navel' orange (9.09 ± 1.73 mg kg-1 dw in Jan). The present investigation delivers valuable information for the comprehensive utilization of citrus fruits from Southern Italy by the local food industry.

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Metadata

Authors
Multari, S., Licciardello, C., Caruso, M., & Martens, S.
Affiliations
  • Fondazione Edmund Mach (IT)
  • Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (IT)
Corresponding author
Multari, Salvatore
ORCID
Venue
Food Research International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-08
Volume
134
Pages
109228
ISSN
0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109228
OpenAlex
W3016097186
Cited by
88
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 2
FWCI
6.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Food Research International (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Symrise AG
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
Keywords
citrus fruit, fruit development, fruit ripening stages, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, narirutin, hesperidin, vanillic acid, violaxanthin, flavedo, albedo, juice sacs, pomelo, lemon, Citrus sinensis, phytochemical composition, Southern Italy
MeSH terms
Carotenoids, Citrus, Fruit, Phenols

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