The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impacts of white-tailed deer on regional patterns of forest tree recruitment
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Local, short- to medium-term studies make clear that white-tailed deer can greatly suppress tree growth and survival in palatable tree species. To assess how deer have broadly affected patterns of tree recruitment across northern Wisconsin, we analyzed recruitment success in 11 common trees species that vary in palatability across 13,105 USFS - FIA plots sampled between 1983 and 2013. We also examined how recruitment in these species covaried with estimated deer densities here. Saplings of five palatable species were scarce relative to less palatable species and showed highly skewed distributions. Scarcity and skew provide reliable signals of deer impacts even when deer have severely reduced recruitment and/or no reliable deer density data are available. Deer densities ranged from 2.3 to 23 deer per km2 over a 30year period. Sapling numbers in two maples (Acer) and aspen (Populus) with intermediate palatability declined sharply in apparent response to higher deer density. Path analysis also reveals that deer act to cumulatively depress sapling recruitment in these species over successive decades. Together, these approaches show that deer have strongly depressed sapling recruitment in all taxa except Abies and Picea. As these impacts are now propagating into larger sized trees, deer are also altering canopy composition and dynamics. The tools developed here provide efficient and reliable indicators for monitoring deer impacts on forest tree recruitment using consistent data co…
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“The regeneration layer is therefore a primary indicator of forest response to canopy disturbance, and patterns of consistently insufficient regeneration or altered species composition call into question the long-term viability and resilience of forest ecosystems (Bradshaw & Waller, 2016;Russell et al., 2017).”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw & Waller, 2016
In the citing paper
“In severe cases, chronic deer browse pressure leads to widespread regeneration failure, where tree seedlings are unable to persist for long enough to recruit into the sapling and subsequent canopy layers, ultimately leading to forest canopy loss (Bradshaw & Waller, 2016;McWilliams et al., 2018;Webster et al., 2018).”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw & Waller, 2016
In the citing paper
“Bradshaw and Waller (2016) corroborated this pattern of high-intensity deer browse and preferential browse on more palatable species as the dominant forces that control regeneration patterns across large regions of the eastern United States.”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw and Waller (2016)
Citations
Cites
(2019) · Annales Zoologici Fennici · doi:10.5735/anzf · Cited by 2,526
Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
Côté, S., Rooney, T., Tremblay, J., Dussault, C., & Waller, D. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 · Cited by 2,124
Self-citationCurtis, J. T. (1959) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196003000-00012 · Cited by 1,205
Modification of Ecosystems by Ungulates
Hobbs, N. T. (1996) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802368 · Cited by 1,016
Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems
Rooney, T., & Waller, D. (2003) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00130-0 · Cited by 910
Self-citationThe science of overabundance : deer ecology and population management
McShea, W. J., Underwood, H. B., & Rappole, J. H. (1997) · Smithsonian Institution Press eBooks · Cited by 508
Russell, F., Zippin, D., & Fowler, N. L. (2001) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0001:eowtdo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 465
Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective
Rooney, T. P. (2001) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.201 · Cited by 432
The white-tailed deer : a keystone herbivore
Waller, D. M. (1997) · Cited by 420
Self-citationOstfeld, R. S., Jones, C. G., & Wolff, J. O. (1996) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1312946 · Cited by 395
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- Strole, 1992, White-tailed deer browsing: species preferences and implications for central Illinois forests, Nat. Areas J., 12, 139
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Mols, B. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.999187051 · Cited by 1
Glover, L. M., Volponi, S. N., Royo, A. A., & Johnstone‐Yellin, T. L. (2024) · Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management · doi:10.3996/jfwm-23-031
Koon, K. R., Hughes, M. R., & Gorchov, D. L. (2024) · Northeastern Naturalist · doi:10.1656/045.031.0312
Fernández-Negrón, L. A., Ortiz-Rivera, I. M., Pacheco, C., Estronza, A. M. G., Suelimán, S., & Mercado‐Molina, A. E. (2024) · Caribbean Journal of Science · doi:10.18475/cjos.v54i2.a23
Waller, D. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627192
Self-citationSeto, M., Komatsu, A., Ohyama, S., Castillo, D. S. C., Vega, J. M. A. D., Higa, M., Ishikawa, S., & Kawanishi, M. (2025) · Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1080/13416979.2025.2451087
Revenis, G. G., Utz, R. M., Muzika, R., Diggins, T. P., & Carson, W. P. (2025) · Applied Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/avsc.70021
Waller, D. M. (2025) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.70099 · Cited by 1
Self-citationFeng, J., Wang, X.-Z., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03868 · Cited by 1
Underplanting in slash reduces first-year browse damage in a central hardwood forest
Hackworth, Z. J., & Vickers, L. A. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/cjfr-2025-0173
Hay, A., & Gorchov, D. L. (2026) · New Forests · doi:10.1007/s11056-026-10165-6
Davenport, S. W., Bronson, D. R., Hofmeister, K. L., Kolka, R. K., Boyle, G. J., & Liu, F. (2026) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123647
When wolves aren't enough: revisiting trophic cascades in northern Wisconsin
Brice, E. M., Waller, D. M., Tack, J. L. P., Storm, D. J., Rogers, D. A., Johnson, S. E., & Blossey, B. (2026) · Oikos · doi:10.1002/oik.12258
Self-citationThe Consequences of Trophic Downgrading, and the Promise of Trophic Upgrading
Gaynor, K. M., & Wright, N. S. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191996665.003.0012
Wang, J., Coates, T. A., Ford, W. M., Schmit, J. P., & Brolis, A. (2026) · Forest Ecosystems · doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100551
Metadata
- Authors
- Bradshaw, L., & Waller, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waller, Donald M.
- ORCID
- Waller, Donald M.
- Venue
- Forest Ecology and Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 375
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 0378-1127 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2953112944
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 9.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Forest Ecology and Management (acceptedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- Université de Montpellier
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- white-tailed deer, tree recruitment, sapling recruitment, deer browsing, palatability, deer density, canopy composition, Acer, poplar, Abies, Picea, forest dynamics
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