Economic dependence on forest resources: A case from Dendi District, Ethiopia

The literature suggests that absolute environmental income rises with total income.

“The literature suggests that absolute environmental income rises with total income, while relative environmental income (i.e., the share of environmental income in total household income) decreases—i.e., household’s environmental “dependence” or “reliance” decreases with higher incomes (Cavendish, 2000; Escobal & Aldana, 2003; Mamo et al., 2007; Neumann & Hirsch, 2000; Vedeld et al., 2007).”

The literature suggests that relative environmental income decreases with higher incomes.

“The literature suggests that absolute environmental income rises with total income, while relative environmental income (i.e., the share of environmental income in total household income) decreases—i.e., household’s environmental “dependence” or “reliance” decreases with higher incomes (Cavendish, 2000; Escobal & Aldana, 2003; Mamo et al., 2007; Neumann & Hirsch, 2000; Vedeld et al., 2007).”

Environmental income is more important to large households.

“In general, we find support for environmental income being more important to households with young household heads (c.f. McElwee, 2008), to large households (in contrast to Mamo et al., 2007 who found the opposite in their case study), and to less-educated households (e.g., Babulo et al., 2008; Mamo et al., 2007; Vedeld et al., 2007).”

Environmental income is more important to less-educated households.

“In general, we find support for environmental income being more important to households with young household heads (c.f. McElwee, 2008), to large households (in contrast to Mamo et al., 2007 who found the opposite in their case study), and to less-educated households (e.g., Babulo et al., 2008; Mamo et al., 2007; Vedeld et al., 2007).”