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Perspective distortion in craniofacial superimposition: Logarithmic decay curves mapped mathematically and by practical experiment
Abstract
The superimposition of a face photograph with that of a skull for identification purposes necessitates the use of comparable photographic parameters between the two image acquisition sessions, so that differences in optics and consequent recording of images does not thwart the morphological analysis. Widely divergent, but published, speculations about the thresholds at which perspective distortion becomes negligible (0.5 to >13.5 m) must be resolved and perspective distortion (PD) relationships quantified across their full range to judge tolerance levels, and the suitability of commonly employed contemporary equipment (e.g., 1 m photographic copy-stands). Herein, basic trigonometry is employed to map PD for two same sized 179 mm linear lengths - separated anteroposteriorly by 127 mm - as a function of subject-to-camera distance (SCD; 0.2-20 m). These lengths approximate basic craniofacial heights (e.g., tr-n) and widths (e.g., zy-zy), while the latter approximates facial depth (e.g., n-t). As anticipated, PD decayed in logarithmic and continuous manner with increasing SCD. At SCD of 12 m, the within-image PD was negligible ( 12 m SCD).
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Stephan identified that discrepancy in camera-to-face distances between photographs to be compared presented with varying degrees of perspective distortion of facial features.
“Stephan [103] identified that discrepancy in camera-to-face, or skull, distances between photographs to be compared, presented with varying degrees of perspective distortion of facial features.”
From Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions (2021) · cites this paper as [103]
At distances below 1 m, a difference of 100 mm in subject-to-camera distance between compared images can result in perspective distortion greater than 1%.
“While distance-based perspective distortion is even more important in methods applying facial morphometry since at distances below 1 m a difference of 100 mm in SCD between the compared images can result in perspective distortion greater than 1% [103].”
From Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions (2021) · cites this paper as [103]
At shorter distances, particularly below 6 m, the distortion was found to be more pronounced.
“At shorter distances, particularly below 6 m, the distortion was found to be more pronounced [103].”
From Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions (2021) · cites this paper as [103]
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Forensic Facial Comparison: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions
Bacci, N., Davimes, J. G., Steyn, M., & Briers, N. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10121269 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephan, C. N.
- ORCID
- Stephan, Carl N.
- Venue
- Forensic Science International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 257
- Pages
- 520.e1-520.e8
- ISSN
- 0379-0738
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 374 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Funders
- Central Identification Laboratory
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
- U.S. Department of Energy
- JPAC-CIL
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