The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A highly parameterizable framework for Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine based workloads accelerated with FPGAs and OpenCL
Open accessAbstract
Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (CRBM) is a promising candidate for a multidimensional system modeling that can learn a probability distribution over a set of data. It is a specific type of an artificial neural network with one input (visible) and one output (hidden) layer. Recently published works demonstrate that CRBM is a suitable mechanism for modeling multidimensional time series such as human motion, workload characterization, city traffic analysis. The process of learning and inference of these systems relies on linear algebra functions like matrix–matrix multiplication, and for higher data sets, they are very compute-intensive. In this paper, we present a configurable framework for CRBM based workloads for arbitrary large models. We show how to accelerate the learning process of CRBM with FPGAs and OpenCL, and we conduct an extensive scalability study for different model sizes and system configurations. We show significant improvement in performance/Watt for large models and batch sizes (from 1.51x up to 5.71x depending on the host configuration) when we use FPGA and OpenCL for the acceleration, and limited benefits for small models comparing to the state-of-the-art CPU solution.
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“Their work showed a 15% execution time improvement by using host pipes to reduce the data transfer overhead between CPU and FPGA [15].”
From Embedded Intelligence on FPGA: Survey, Applications and Challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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“By using FPGA on the CRBM, it is able to save on power consumption and increase performance by approximately five times higher than CPU solutions.”
From Embedded Intelligence on FPGA: Survey, Applications and Challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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Citations
Cites
An OpenCL™ Deep Learning Accelerator on Arria 10
Aydonat, U., O’Connell, S., Capalija, D., Ling, A. C., & Chiu, G. R. (2017) · ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) · doi:10.1145/3020078.3021738 · Cited by 229
Improving the Performance of OpenCL-based FPGA Accelerator for Convolutional Neural Network
Zhang, J., & Li, J. (2017) · ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) · doi:10.1145/3020078.3021698 · Cited by 212
Demystifying Parallel and Distributed Deep Learning: An In-Depth Concurrency AnalysisPreprint
Ben‐Nun, T., & Hoefler, T. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.09941 · Cited by 204
A Survey of FPGA-Based Neural Network AcceleratorPreprint
Guo, K., Zeng, S., Yu, J., Wang, Y., & Yang, H. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.08934 · Cited by 147
Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machines for Structured Output PredictionPreprint
Mnih, V., Larochelle, H., & Hinton, G. E. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1202.3748 · Cited by 123
Two Distributed-State Models For Generating High-Dimensional Time Series
Taylor, G. W., Hinton, G. E., & Roweis, S. T. (2011) · doi:10.5555/1953048.2021035 · Cited by 114
Understanding Performance Differences of FPGAs and GPUs
Cong, J., Fang, Z., Lo, M., et al. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM) · doi:10.1109/fccm.2018.00023 · Cited by 106
Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
Ng, H.-C., Liu, S., & Luk, W. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3174243 · Cited by 102
Are FPGAs Suitable for Edge Computing?
Biookaghazadeh, S., Ren, F., & Zhao, M. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.06404 · Cited by 83
A Customizable Matrix Multiplication Framework for the Intel HARPv2 Xeon+FPGA Platform
Moss, D. J. M., Krishnan, S., Nurvitadhi, E., Ratuszniak, P., Johnson, C., Sim, J., Mishra, A., Marr, D., Subhaschandra, S., & Leong, P. H. W. (2018) · ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) · doi:10.1145/3174243.3174258 · Cited by 81
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- D. Castells-Rufas, J. Carrabina, Opencl-based FPGA accelerator for disparity map generation with stereoscopic event cameras, CoRR abs/1903.03509. arXiv:1903.03509. URL http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03509. · arXiv
- C. Lo, An fpga implementation of large restricted boltzmann machines, in: Master Thesis, 2010.
- T. Xia, Fpga implementation of a restricted boltzmann machine for handwriting recognition, in: Master Thesis, 2015.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Embedded Intelligence on FPGA: Survey, Applications and Challenges
Seng, K. P., Lee, P. J., & Ang, L. M. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10080895 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Jakšić, Z., Cadenelli, N., Prats, D. B., Polo, J., Berral Garcia, J. L., & Perez, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Jakšić, Zoran
- Venue
- Future Generation Computer Systems
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 104
- Pages
- 201-211
- ISSN
- 0167-739X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2987836951
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Future Generation Computer Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Intel Corporation
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- European Research Council
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Embedded Systems Design Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- conditional restricted Boltzmann machine, FPGA acceleration, OpenCL, workload characterization, energy efficiency, performance per watt, matrix multiplication
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