Cited by 405Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and AccessPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: The PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6

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Staples, Lauren G., Dear, Blake F., Gandy, Milena, Fogliati, Vincent, Fogliati, Rhiannon, Karin, Eyal, Nielssen, Olav, Titov, Nickolai·2019·General Hospital Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and ten-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) are valid and reliable measures of depression, anxiety and general distress. However, the time required in their administration may limit their use in routine care. This study examines the utility of shorter versions (PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6) as screening instruments and measures of treatment response. METHOD: Data from research trial participants (n = 993) receiving internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) were analysed to establish discriminant validity of the short versions. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) diagnoses were used as comparators. Criterion group validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and responsiveness to treatment changes were examined. Analyses were replicated using data from patients receiving iCBT in routine care (n = 1389). RESULTS: Discriminant validity was excellent for the PHQ-2, and acceptable for the GAD-2 and K-6. Acceptable sensitivity and specificity were identified at a threshold of ≥3 for the PHQ-2 and GAD-2, and ≥14 for the K-6. The short versions were sensitive to treatment change. CONCLUSION: The PHQ-2, GAD-2 and K-6 are useful screeners and efficient measures of treatment progress and outcomes in routine clinical care.

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Authors: Staples, L. G., Dear, B. F., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V., Fogliati, R., Karin, E., Nielssen, O., & Titov, N.
Affiliations: Macquarie University (AU)
Corresponding author: Staples, Lauren G.
ORCID: Staples, Lauren G.
Dear, Blake F.
Gandy, Milena
Fogliati, Vincent
Fogliati, Rhiannon
Karin, Eyal
Nielssen, Olav
Titov, Nickolai
Venue: General Hospital Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-01
Volume: 56
Pages: 13-18
ISSN: 0163-8343 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003
OpenAlex: W2900873257
Cited by: 405
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6
FWCI: 25.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: General Hospital Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (630560)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: PHQ-2, GAD-2, K-6, Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, depression screening, anxiety screening, psychological distress, brief screening instrument, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment response assessment, discriminant validity, sensitivity and specificity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care

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Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: The PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6

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