The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Overview of telepathology, virtual microscopy, and whole slide imaging: prospects for the future
Abstract
Telepathology, the practice of pathology at a long distance, has advanced continuously since 1986. Today, fourth-generation telepathology systems, so-called virtual slide telepathology systems, are being used for education applications. Both conventional and innovative surgical pathology diagnostic services are being designed and implemented as well. The technology has been commercialized by more than 30 companies in Asia, the United States, and Europe. Early adopters of telepathology have been laboratories with special challenges in providing anatomic pathology services, ranging from the need to provide anatomic pathology services at great distances to the use of the technology to increase efficiency of services between hospitals less than a mile apart. As to what often happens in medicine, early adopters of new technologies are professionals who create model programs that are successful and then stimulate the creation of infrastructure (ie, reimbursement, telecommunications, information technologies, and so on) that forms the platforms for entry of later, mainstream, adopters. The trend at medical schools, in the United States, is to go entirely digital for their pathology courses, discarding their student light microscopes, and building virtual slide laboratories. This may create a generation of pathology trainees who prefer digital pathology imaging over the traditional hands-on light microscopy. The creation of standards for virtual slide telepathology is early in its development but accelerating. The field of telepathology has now reached a tipping point at which major corporations now investing in the technology will insist that standards be created for pathology digital imaging as a value added business proposition. A key to success in teleradiology, already a growth industry, has been the implementation of standards for digital radiology imaging. Telepathology is already the enabling technology for new, innovative laboratory services. Examples include STAT QA surgical pathology second opinions at a distance and a telehealth-enabled rapid breast care service. The innovative bundling of telemammography, telepathology, and teleoncology services may represent a new paradigm in breast care that helps address the serious issue of fragmentation of breast cancer care in the United States and elsewhere. Legal and regulatory issues in telepathology are being addressed and are regarded as a potential catalyst for the next wave of telepathology advances, applications, and implementations.
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“Management platforms enable efficient storage, retrieval, and integration of WSIs with pathology reports and facilitate teledermatopathology [42].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Dermatopathology: An Update and Review of the Current Literature (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
Krupinski, E. A., Tillack, A. A., Richter, L. C., Henderson, J. T., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Scott, K., Graham, A. R., Descour, M. R., Davis, J. R., & Weinstein, R. S. (2006) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.08.024 · Cited by 283
Self-citationVirtual microscopy in pathology education
Dee, F. R. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.010 · Cited by 211
Telepathology overview: From concept to implementation
Weinstein, R. S., Descour, M. R., Liang, C., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Graham, A. R., Davis, J. R., Scott, K., Richter, L. C., Krupinski, E. A., Szymus, J., et al. (2001) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1053/hupa.2001.29643 · Cited by 210
Self-citationWeinstein, R. S., Descour, M. R., Chen, L., Barker, G. P., Scott, K., Richter, L. C., Krupinski, E. A., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Davis, J. R., Graham, A. R., et al. (2004) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.002 · Cited by 167
Self-citationTelepathology and the networking of pathology diagnostic services.
Rs, W., Bloom, K. J., & Ls, R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 162
Evans, A. J., Chetty, R., Clarke, B. A., Croul, S. E., Ghazarian, D., Kiehl, T., Perez‐Ordoñez, B., Ilaalagan, S., & Asa, S. L. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.012 · Cited by 160
Weinstein, R. S. (1986) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(86)80028-4 · Cited by 158
Self-citationHistory of Telemedicine: Evolution, Context, and Transformation
Ryu, S. (2010) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2010.16.1.65 · Cited by 148
Telepathology: A ten-year progress report
Weinstein, R. S., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Graham, A. R., & Davis, J. R. (1997) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(97)90270-7 · Cited by 147
Self-citationRemote frozen section service: A telepathology project in northern Norway
Nordrum, I. S., Engum, B., Rinde, E., Finnseth, A., Ericsson, H., Kearney, M., Stalsberg, H., & Eide, T. J. (1991) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/0046-8177(91)90226-f · Cited by 140
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Krupinski, 1993, Progress in telepathology: system implementation and testing, Adv Pathol Lab Med, 6, 63
- Weinstein, 1995, Pathology consultation service via the Arizona-International Telemedicine Network, Arch Anat Cytol Pathol, 43, 219
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interactive telemedicine: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes
Flodgren, G., Rachas, A., Farmer, A. J., Inzitari, M., & Shepperd, S. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002098.pub2 · Cited by 806
Pantanowitz, L., Sinard, J. H., Henricks, W. H., Fatheree, L. A., Carter, A. B., Contis, L. C., Beckwith, B. A., Evans, A. J., Lal, A., & Parwani, A. V. (2013) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2013-0093-cp · Cited by 622
Telemedicine, Telehealth, and Mobile Health Applications That Work: Opportunities and Barriers
Weinstein, R. S., López, A. M., Joseph, B. A., Erps, K. A., Holcomb, M. J., Barker, G. P., & Krupinski, E. A. (2013) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.032 · Cited by 595
Self-citationDigital Imaging in Pathology: Whole-Slide Imaging and Beyond
Ghaznavi, F., Evans, A. J., Madabhushi, A., & Feldman, M. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-120902 · Cited by 465
Review of the current state of whole slide imaging in pathology
Pantanowitz, L., Valenstein, P. N., Evans, A. J., Kaplan, K. J., Pfeifer, J. D., Wilbur, D. C., Collins, L. C., & Colgan, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.4103/2153-3539.83746 · Cited by 435
Metadata
- Authors
- Weinstein, R. S., Graham, A. R., Richter, L. C., Barker, G. P., Krupinski, E. A., Lopez, A. M., Erps, K. A., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Yagi, Y., & Gilbertson, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weinstein, Ronald S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Pathology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1057-1069
- ISSN
- 0046-8177 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126047962
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 32.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Pathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiology practices and education
- Keywords
- telepathology, virtual microscopy, whole slide imaging, digital pathology, telemammography, teleoncology, telemedicine, pathology education, legal and regulatory issues
- MeSH terms
- Computer Communication Networks, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Microscopy, Pathology, Surgical, User-Computer Interface, Telepathology
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