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Optimization and mechanisms of proteolytic enzyme immobilization onto large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Enhanced tumor penetration
Abstract
Immobilization of proteolytic enzymes onto nanocarriers is effective to improve drug diffusion in tumors through degrading the dense extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein, immobilization and release behaviors of hyaluronidase, bromelain, and collagenase (Coll) on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were explored. A series of cationic MSNs (CMSNs) with large and adjustable pore sizes were synthesized, and investigated together with two anionic MSNs of different pore sizes. CMSNs4.0 exhibited the highest enzyme loading capacity for hyaluronidase and bromelain, and CMSNs4.5 was the best for Coll. High electrostatic interaction, matched pore size, and large pore volume and surface area favor the immobilization. Changes of the enzyme conformations and surface charges with pH, existence of a space around the immobilized enzymes, and the depth of the pore structures, affect the release ratio and tunability. The optimal CMSNs-enzyme complexes exhibited deep and homogeneous penetration into pancreatic tumors, a tumor model with the densest ECM, with CMSNs4.5-Coll as the best. Upon loading with doxorubicin (DOX), the CMSNs-enzyme complexes induced high anti-tumor efficiencies. Conceivably, the DOX/CMSNs4.5-NH 2 -Coll nanodrug exhibited the most effective tumor therapy, with a tumor growth inhibition ratio of 86.1 %. The study provides excellent nanocarrier-enzyme complexes, and offers instructive theories for enhanced tumor penetration and therapy.
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“Collagenase@CMSNs4.5 (DOX) | Collagen degradation on large-pore cationic mesoporous silica; enhanced doxorubicin delivery | Pancreatic tumor in vivo | Dense collagen-rich extracellular matrix | Tumor-slice depth profiling; detectable penetration depth: 1200 μm | Tumor inhibition rate 86% | [49]”
From Overcoming tumor microenvironment barriers: transformable and bioinspired nanomedicine strategies for deep tumor penetration (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Collagenase-armed CMSNs traverse millimeter-scale collagenous stroma in small pancreatic xenografts (penetration ≥ 1.2 mm across the stromal compartment) and increase doxorubicin delivery [49]”
From Overcoming tumor microenvironment barriers: transformable and bioinspired nanomedicine strategies for deep tumor penetration (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sheng, J., Yuan, W., Zhang, M., Chen, Z., Qi, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-026-04028-7 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Qiu, N., Lv, Q.-Y., Li, C.-L., Song, X., Wang, Y.-Q., Chen, J., & Cui, H.-F.
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 271
- Pages
- 132626
- ISSN
- 0141-8130
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
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