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ChatGPT in the higher education: A systematic literature review and research challenges
Open accessAbstract
ChatGPT has gained significant attention in the higher education sector as it can be applied across a wide range of topics. Despite ChatGPT's versatility in offering support across various educational disciplines, it is still in its early stages and requires further exploration to be fully utilized effectively in education. This systematic literature review aims to explore the trends, adoption measures, diverse applications, and current limitations of ChatGPT research in higher education. This review systematically analyzed 57 research articles published between 2023 and 2024. This study identified trends in ChatGPT in higher education by providing temporal views, geographical locations, and research methods used. Furthermore, this study explored users’ intention to adopt and use ChatGPT in higher education by focusing on post-adoption, intention to use, and acceptance stages. Considering the extensive advantages ChatGPT brings to the academic community, this review explores its diverse applications in educational settings for academic staff, students, researchers, and non-academic users. Finally, this study outlined the current limitations in ChatGPT research within higher education and proposed future research directions, aiming for continuous improvement in the field. This study can benefit higher education by providing valuable insights into the effective utilization of ChatGPT.
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“Baig and Yadegaridehkordi (2024) synthesized 57 studies of ChatGPT in higher education.”
From From Assistance to Substitution: Generative AI and Undergraduate Research Skills (2026) · cites this paper as Baig & Yadegaridehkordi, 2024
In the citing paper
“Recent reviews show that this is no longer a marginal use of technology: research has expanded across disciplines, with ChatGPT examined as an assistance for learning and writing, feedback tool, and source of personalized support (Baig & Yadegaridehkordi, 2024; Lo et al., 2024).”
From From Assistance to Substitution: Generative AI and Undergraduate Research Skills (2026) · cites this paper as Baig & Yadegaridehkordi, 2024
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Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Performance in the Mathematical Problem-Solving Process
ASLAN, S. A., Miser, M., & Allison, J. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261486168
Sugio, N., Akihiro, S., & Wada, N. (2026) · IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1002/tee.70439
ChatGPT in Higher Education: Conceptual Framework of Pedagogical Opportunities and Risks
Frough, E. M., Hassan, H., & Nathan, R. J. (2026) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20412-7_19
Karampelas, K. (2026) · Journal of ExoTechnology and Education · doi:10.36615/q7ez7g71
“This suggests that the use of AI in education is inherently accompanied by risks that necessitate careful scrutiny and sustained critical awareness (Baig & Yadegaridehkordi, 2024; Baek et al., 2024; Gasaymeh et al., 2025).”
InfluentialKostihová, M., Makarevitch, I., & Hilk, C. L. (2026) · Digital education and learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-32152-7_1
Agu, A. G., Obinna, E.-U. C., Etochkwu, O. G., Omotosho, T. D., Chiana, P. C. A., Onyeokoro, S. C., Njoku, P. O. (., Okpara, G. S., & Margaça, C. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-02152-y
“To examine students’ intentions to adopt ChatGPT, this study draws on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [23, 24], one of the most widely applied frameworks in research on ChatGPT adoption (e.g., [13, 61]).”
Bu, F., & Li, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1861072
“…literature streams to an integrated process account Research on GenAI in higher education can be organized into four prominent literature streams, but these streams address different layers of the same educational process rather than four independent problems (Baig and Yadegaridehkordi, 2024).”
Cao, D., Peng, Y., Yang, X., Chen, B., Chen, Z., & Sun, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1896901
Chatbots in higher education: Enhancing students' digital competence
Titarchuk, V., Iliichuk, L., & Vakulenko, S. (2026) · EDUWEB · doi:10.46502/issn.1856-7576/2026.20.03.12
Nagayev, V., Бірюкова, О., & Liubarets, V. (2026) · Academic Visions · doi:10.66556/2786-586x.59.nahaiev-v
Determinants of ChatGPT Usage and Individual Learning Impact among Generation Z Users in Tangerang
Aribowo, A., Hery, Widjaja, A. E., Lukas, S., Mitra, A. R., & Russell Da Vito, R. (2026) · International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA) · doi:10.1109/ictiia70925.2026.11717144
“Research suggests AI is most effective in education when guided by educators who can ensure it supports rather than replaces genuine learning [3,28,35].”
Mishra, S., Tripathi, N., Tyagi, S., Pandey, A. S., Chauhan, R., & Mishra, P. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-4649-4.ch003
Metadata
- Authors
- Baig, M. I., & Yadegaridehkordi, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Central Queensland University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Yadegaridehkordi, Elaheh
- Venue
- International Journal of Educational Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 102411
- ISSN
- 0883-0355 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4400721580
- Semantic Scholar
- 160c16073d2a7c361947d885411108f5eb900506
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 11.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Educational Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, large language models, higher education, technology adoption, intention to use, technology acceptance, research trends, research limitations
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