A frost model based on the frost layer's supporting function

Wang et al. [40] and Xu et al. [55] introduced an exponential correction of the form a · exp(ρa/ρfr + b) to improve predictions of phase-change mass-transfer rates, reporting mean errors of 5.1% and 8.1% for δfr, and 4.9% and 5.5% for ρfr, respectively.

“Likewise, Wang et al. [40] and Xu et al. [55] introduced an exponential correction of the form a · exp( ρ a/ ρ fr + b ) to improve predictions of phase-change mass-transfer rates, reporting mean errors of 5.1% and 8.1% for δ fr , and 4.9% and 5.5% for ρ fr, respectively.”

Xu et al. [55] reported that, with ua and Tw fixed, the compressive strength of frost branches follows a power-law with ρfr and is independent of the flow velocity.

“Xu et al. [55] reported that, with u a and T w fixed, the compressive strength of frost branches follows a power-law with ρ fr and is independent of the flow velocity.”

This structural instability can promote densification of the frost layer.

“This structural instability can promote densification of the frost layer”

The maximum shear stress exerted by the resultant force F1 must not exceed the shear strength of the frost layer.

“The total volume of the frost branch cluster is defined as [10], and the maximum shear stress exerted by the resultant force F 1 must not exceed the shear strength σ [26]:”