CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 17High-Temperature Coating BehaviorsParticle Dynamics in Fluid FlowsFluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

A novel cold spray process flow technique - a numerical investigation

Open access
Kowalski, Kamil, Błasiak, Przemysław, Pietrowicz, Sławomir·2024·International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
DOI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124817
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The presented research aimed to study and verify the particle deposition rate on the coating surface for different geometries during a high-pressure cold-spray process. The study compared the spraying efficiency of the classical flow commonly used in industry with a proposed vortex flow. Three geometries with the same nozzle dimensions but a different method of working-gas supply were studied. The numerical grid for the three studied cases was compacted in a near-wall region along the entire length of the geometry. This densification process was applied because of the large changes in the velocity values for both the gas and the introduced microparticles. The results show that the spraying process was initiated 1 second after the start of the simulation. This is because the system had been unstable beforehand. Finally, the spraying process took approximately 0.05 seconds, where the value of the deposition rate was calculated using an in-house UDF code algorithm written and implemented using FLUENT software. The combined case is defined as the use of a direct nozzle inlet along with additional tubes for the working gas. The combined case achieved the highest value of the accretion rate compared to the other two methods, which was 33.6 kg/m^2. On the contrary, the lowest rate was achieved by the vortex method with a rate of 10.7 kg/m^2. The distribution of the sprayed particles in this combined method forms a cone; in the basic method, the distribution is uniform, and in the vo…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124817

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 41

  1. Smakulski, 2022, The cooling performance of the micro-solid nitrogen spray technique on the cryopreservation vitrification process: a qualitative study, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 184, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122253 · DOI
  2. Dorfman, 2018, Chapter 22 - thermal spray coatings, 469
  3. Papyrin, 2007, Chapter 5 - current status of the cold spray process, 248
  4. Srikanth, 2020, A brief review on cold spray coating process, Mater. Today Proc., 22, 1390, 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.482 · DOI
  5. Singh, 2013, Development of cold spray from innovation to emerging future coating technology, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng., 35, 10.1007/s40430-013-0030-1 · DOI
  6. Assadi, 2011, On parameter selection in cold spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 20, 1161, 10.1007/s11666-011-9662-9 · DOI
  7. Marrocco, 2006, Production of titanium deposits by cold-gas dynamic spray: numerical modeling and experimental characterization, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 15, 263, 10.1361/105996306X108219 · DOI
  8. Grujicic, 2003, Computational analysis of the interfacial bonding between feed-powder particles and the substrate in the cold-gas dynamic-spray process, Appl. Surf. Sci., 219, 211, 10.1016/S0169-4332(03)00643-3 · DOI
  9. Gaertner, 2006, The cold spray process and its potential for industrial applications, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 15, 223, 10.1361/105996306X108110 · DOI
  10. Huang, 2012, Study of the influence of particle velocity on adhesive strength of cold spray deposits, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 21, 541, 10.1007/s11666-011-9707-0 · DOI
  11. Van Steenkiste, 2004, Evaluation of coatings produced via kinetic and cold spray processes, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 13, 274, 10.1361/10599630419427 · DOI
  12. Assadi, 2003, Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying, Acta Mater., 51, 4379, 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00274-X · DOI · Paper page
  13. Dykhuizen, 1999, Impact of high velocity cold spray particles, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 8, 559, 10.1361/105996399770350250 · DOI
  14. Van Steenkiste, 2002, Aluminum coatings via kinetic spray with relatively large powder particles, Surf. Coat. Technol., 154, 237, 10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00018-X · DOI
  15. Raletz, 2006, Critical particle velocity under cold spray conditions, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 1942, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.04.061 · DOI
  16. Gilmore, 1999, Particle velocity and deposition efficiency in the cold spray process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 8, 576, 10.1361/105996399770350278 · DOI
  17. Li, 2007, Optimal design of a cold spray nozzle by numerical analysis of particle velocity and experimental validation with 316l stainless steel powder, Mater. Des., 28, 2129, 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.05.016 · DOI
  18. Jung, 2009, Effect of the expansion ratio and length ratio on a gas-particle flow in a converging-diverging cold spray nozzle, Met. Mater. Int., 15, 967, 10.1007/s12540-009-0967-x · DOI
  19. Yin, 2014, Effect of injection pressure on particle acceleration, dispersion and deposition in cold spray, Comput. Mater. Sci., 90, 7, 10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.03.055 · DOI
  20. Singh, 2021, Influence of cold spray parameters on bonding mechanisms: a review, Metals, 11, 10.3390/met11122016 · DOI
  21. Viscusi, 2020, An experimental/numerical study of bonding mechanism in cold spray technology for metals, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 110, 2787, 10.1007/s00170-020-06060-9 · DOI
  22. Yu, 2022, Experimental and numerical study of deposition mechanisms for cold spray additive manufacturing process, Chin. J. Aeronaut., 35, 276, 10.1016/j.cja.2021.02.002 · DOI
  23. Fardan, 2021, Numerical modelling of particle impact and residual stresses in cold sprayed coatings: a review, Surf. Coat. Technol., 409, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.126835 · DOI
  24. Li, 2005, Optimal design of a novel cold spray gun nozzle at a limited space, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 14, 391, 10.1361/105996305X59404 · DOI
  25. Liao, 2013, Numerical investigations of cold gas dynamic spray with a novel convergent-divergent nozzle, AIP Conf. Proc., 1558, 2333, 10.1063/1.4826008 · DOI
  26. Winnicki, 2015, Numerical and experimental analysis of copper particles velocity in low-pressure cold spraying process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 268, 230, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.059 · DOI
  27. Sova, 2018, Deposition of aluminum powder by cold spray micronozzle, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 95, 3745, 10.1007/s00170-017-1443-2 · DOI
  28. Caruso, 2018, Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the particle loading effect on gas flow features for low pressure cold spray applications, Surf. Coat. Technol., 339, 181, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.016 · DOI
  29. Leitz, 2018, Cfdem modelling of particle heating and acceleration in cold spraying, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 73, 192, 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.02.003 · DOI
  30. Garmeh, 2020, Three-dimensional modeling of cold spray for additive manufacturing, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 29, 38, 10.1007/s11666-019-00928-3 · DOI
  31. Khan, 2021, Simulation of cold spray coating for powder pre-heat and impact velocity, Mater. Today Proc., 46, 10837, 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.780 · DOI
  32. Zaikovskii, 2014, Control of spray spot shape in cold spray technology. Part 2. Spraying process, Thermophys. Aeromech., 21, 223, 10.1134/S0869864314020085 · DOI
  33. Nastic, 2021, Particle temperature effect in cold spray: a study of soft particle deposition on hard substrate, Surf. Coat. Technol., 406, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126735 · DOI
  34. Champagne, 2011, Theoretical and experimental particle velocity in cold spray, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 20, 425, 10.1007/s11666-010-9530-z · DOI
  35. Yin, 2018, Cold spray additive manufacturing and repair: fundamentals and applications, Addit. Manuf., 21, 628
  36. Sayyar, 2022, Experimental studies and numerical simulation of cold spray technique to investigate the effect of operating parameters on the thickness of fe/tio2 self-cleaning film, Powder Technol., 403, 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117320 · DOI
  37. Childs, 2011, Chapter 3 - vorticity and rotation, 53
  38. Yakhot, 1992, Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique, Phys. Fluids A, Fluid Dyn., 4, 1510, 10.1063/1.858424 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Ranz, 1952, Evaporation from drops, part i, Chem. Eng. Prog., 48, 141
  40. Raoelison, 2020, Turbulences of the supersonic gas flow during cold spraying and their negative effects: a dns cfd analysis coupled with experimental observation and laser impulse high-speed shadowgraphs of the particles in-flight flow, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 147, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118894 · DOI
  41. Lee, 2011, Numerical studies on the effects of stagnation pressure and temperature on supersonic flow characteristics in cold spray applications, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 20, 1085, 10.1007/s11666-011-9641-1 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 17

Metadata

Authors
Kowalski, K., Błasiak, P., & Pietrowicz, S.
Affiliations
Wrocław University of Science and Technology (PL)
Corresponding author
Pietrowicz, Sławomir
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-01
Volume
218
Pages
124817
ISSN
0017-9310 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124817
OpenAlex
W4387761367
Cited by
17
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Wroclawskie Centrum Sieciowo-Superkomputerowe, Politechnika Wroclawska (202, 309)
  • Narodowe Centrum Nauki
  • Narodowym Centrum Nauki (UMO-2021/43/B/ST8/01109)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Particle Dynamics in Fluid Flows
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
Keywords
cold spray, particle deposition rate, convergent-divergent nozzle, copper particles, coating deposition, particle distribution, computational fluid dynamics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A novel cold spray process flow technique - a numerical investigation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124817
The paper
Kowalski, K., Błasiak, P., & Pietrowicz, S. (2024). A novel cold spray process flow technique - a numerical investigation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124817