Large-scale storage of hydrogen
Open accessAbstract
The large-scale storage of hydrogen plays a fundamental role in a potential future hydrogen economy. Although the storage of gaseous hydrogen in salt caverns already is used on a full industrial scale, the approach is not applicable in all regions due to varying geological conditions. Therefore, other storage methods are necessary. In this article, options for the large-scale storage of hydrogen are reviewed and compared based on fundamental thermodynamic and engineering aspects. The application of certain storage technologies, such as liquid hydrogen, methanol, ammonia, and dibenzyltoluene, is found to be advantageous in terms of storage density, cost of storage, and safety. The variable costs for these high-density storage technologies are largely associated with a high electricity demand for the storage process or with a high heat demand for the hydrogen release process. If hydrogen is produced via electrolysis and stored during times of low electricity prices in an industrial setting, these variable costs may be tolerable.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The evaporation of hydrogen during storage results in two different losses: the energy loss for liquefaction and the hydrogen loss due to purging of the evaporated gas to avoid pressure buildup inside the vessel.
“The evaporation of hydrogen during storage results in two different losses: the energy loss for liquefaction and the hydrogen loss due to purging of the evaporated gas to avoid pressure buildup inside the vessel [37].”
From 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Boil-off can be minimized (zero boil-off) through various active and passive efforts, such as acceleration of isomer change from ortho- to para-hydrogen during liquefaction, minimization of surface-to-volume ratio of the vessel, excellent insulation of the vessel, and the adoption of a cryocooler.
“The boil-off can be minimized (zero boil-off) through various active and passive efforts, such as acceleration of isomer change from ortho-to para-hydrogen during liquefaction, minimization of surface-to-volume ratio of the vessel (such as spherical shape), excellent insulation of the vessel to reduce the heat transfer from the surrounding environment, and the adoption of a cryocooler [37].”
From 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
In practical applications, the specific energy demand for hydrogen liquefaction is approximately 10 kWh_el/kg-H2, although it is predicted that the demand can be reduced to approximately 6 kWh_el/kg-H2 with further process improvements.
“However, in practical applications, the specific energy demand for hydrogen liquefaction is approximately 10 kWh el /kg-H 2 , although it is predicted that the demand can be reduced to approximately 6 kWh el /kg-H 2 with further process improvements [37,94].”
From 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Through excellent insulation and a low surface-to-volume ratio (large spherical tank), the boil-off can be suppressed to less than 0.1% per day.
“Through excellent insulation and a low surface-to-volume ratio (large spherical tank), the boil-off can be suppressed to less than 0.1% per day [37].”
From 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 167 · Cited by 1,356
- Authors
- Andersson, J., & Grönkvist, S.
- Affiliations
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Andersson, Joakim
- Venue
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 11901-11919
- ISSN
- 0360-3199 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2929651773
- Cited by
- 1,356
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 175 · 2025: 229 · 2024: 259 · 2023: 226 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 23
- FWCI
- 40.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-01-05)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Swedish Energy Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Chemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
- Keywords
- hydrogen storage, hydrogen economy, salt cavern storage, liquid hydrogen, ammonia hydrogen carrier, dibenzyltoluene, storage density, storage costs, storage safety, electrolysis, thermodynamic analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
