The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dog bite injuries to the face: Is there risk with breed ownership? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Abstract
Introduction Dog bite injuries to the face are a serious, yet modifiable public health concern. This study explores the relationship between dog breed and the risk of biting and injury. The objective of this study is to determine the relative risk and severity of dog bite injuries to the face by breed. Methods Retrospective chart review of facial dog bite injuries presenting to the University of Virginia Health System and Nationwide Children's Hospital. Additionally, descriptive data was collected from 240 patients over the last 15 years. Bite risk by breed was assessed by a literature search from 1970 to current. A composite measure was used to determine the severity of injury, and characterize each patient into an ordinal scale of bite severity. An average of each breed bite rate within each study was calculated and combined to create an empiric bite risk by breed. Dog breeds were also further characterized morphologically. Results Bite risk by breed from the literature review and bite severity by breed from our case series were combined to create a total bite risk plot. Injuries from Pitbull's and mixed breed dogs were both more frequent and more severe. This data is well-suited for a bubble plot showing bite risk on the x-axis, bite severity on the y-axis, and size of the bubble by number of cases. This creates a "risk to own" graphic for potential dog owners. Conclusions Breeds vary in both rates of biting and severity. The highest risk breeds had both a high rate of biting and caused significant tissue injury. Physical characteristics can also help determine risk for unknown or mixed dog breeds. Potential dog owners can utilize this data when assessing which breed to own.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The analysis by breed revealed that pit bulls were responsible for the highest percentage of reported bites across all studies (22.5%), followed by mixed breed (21.2%), and German shepherds (17.8%).”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [167]
Citations
Cites
Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog
Parker, H. G., Kim, L. V., Sutter, N. B., Carlson, S., Lorentzen, T. D., Malek, T. B., Johnson, G. S., DeFrance, H. B., Ostrander, E. A., & Kruglyak, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097406 · Cited by 735
Breed differences in canine aggression
Duffy, D. L., Hsu, Y., & Serpell, J. A. (2008) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006 · Cited by 334
Analysis of Dog Bites in Children Who Are Younger Than 17 Years
Schalamon, J., Ainoedhofer, H., Singer, G., Petnehazy, T., Mayr, J., Kiss, K., & Höllwarth, M. E. (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1451 · Cited by 293
Which Dogs Bite? A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors
Gershman, K. A., Sacks, J. J., & Wright, J. C. (1994) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.93.6.913 · Cited by 203
Gilchrist, J., Sacks, J. J., White, D. J., & Kresnow, M. (2008) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2007.016220 · Cited by 197
Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998
Sacks, J. J., Sinclair, L., Gilchrist, J., Golab, G. C., & Lockwood, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.836 · Cited by 185
Sacks, J. J., Kresnow, M., & Houston, B. (1996) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2.1.52 · Cited by 172
Nonfatal dog bite-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments--United States, 2001.
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 129
Kaye, A. E., Belz, J. M., & Kirschner, R. E. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181addad9 · Cited by 125
Dog and Cat Bites to the Hand: Treatment and Cost Assessment
Benson, L. S., Edwards, S. L., Schiff, A. P., Williams, C. S., & Visotsky, J. L. (2006) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2005.12.011 · Cited by 125
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Schalamon, 2006, Analysis of dog bites in children who are younger than 17 years, Pediatrics, 117, 374, 10.1542/peds.2005-1451 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Overgaauw, P. A. M., Vinke, C. M., van Hagen, M. A. E., & Lipman, L. J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17113789 · Cited by 301
“Recently, a systematic review has been published that analyzed more than 26,000 bites from the literature of the past 30 years about the risk of bites relative to specific breeds of dogs, combining bite incidence with bite severity [167].”
BackgroundBelshaw, Z., Dean, R., & Asher, L. (2019) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02404-5 · Cited by 47
“bites [8], challenges in finding and retaining rental ac-”
BackgroundHospitalizations for pediatric dog bite injuries in the United States
McLoughlin, R. J., Cournoyer, L., Hirsh, M. P., Cleary, M. A., & Aidlen, J. T. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.06.025 · Cited by 48
Pongrácz, P., & Dobos, P. (2024) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.13128 · Cited by 34
Khan, K. J., Horswell, B. B., & Samanta, D. (2019) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2019.11.002 · Cited by 34
Medico-legal implications of dog bite injuries: A systematic review.
Giovannini, E., Roccaro, M., Peli, A., Bianchini, S., Bini, C., Pelotti, S., & Fais, P. (2023) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111849 · Cited by 19
Reconstruction of animal bite injuries to the head and neck
Mendoza, J., & Chi, J. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/moo.0000000000000564 · Cited by 21
“Injuries can range from superficial abrasions requiring little intervention to extensive damage necessitating reconstruction [3].”
BackgroundAnalysis of Pediatric Dog Bite Injuries at a Level 1 Trauma Center Over 10 Years
Muñoz, K. D. R., Powell, L. E., Andersen, E. S., Nye, A. D., Powers, J., Rhodes, J. L., & Pozez, A. (2021) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000002928 · Cited by 12
Early Childhood (0 to 5 years) Presents the Greatest Risk for Facial Dog Bites.
Selvi, F., Stanbouly, D., Stanbouly, R., Baron, M., Francois, K., Halsey, J. N., Marx, R., & Chuang, S. K. (2022) · Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery · doi:10.1016/j.joms.2022.06.022 · Cited by 10
Facial dog bites treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital over a 20-year period.
Zhu, N., Walma, A. C., Troulis, M., & August, M. (2020) · Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology · doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2020.02.009 · Cited by 6
Morphometric analysis of dog bitemarks. An experimental study.
Giovannini, E., Bianchini, S., Roccaro, M., Pelletti, G., Grandis, A., Peli, A., Lenzi, J., Pelotti, S., & Fais, P. (2025) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112392 · Cited by 5
Khoubfekr, H., Rahmanian, V., Jokar, M., Balouchi, A., & Pourvahed, A. (2024) · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2024.65.4.3246 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies demonstrated a high incidence of bites on owners of attacking animals, which suggests there may be underlying factors influencing the nature of these interactions, which suggests further investigation is warranted [16, 25].”
Management of Dog Bite Injuries
Means, O. C., Fernstrum, C., Lucich, E., Little, A. K., Dietze-Fiedler, M., Pumarada-Fernandez, D., Swamy, V., & Girotto, J. (2023) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000003362 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, pit bulls are often the most identified breed(3,4,6,10) and are associated with higher injury severity.(11) Procedural sedation, which is a safe alternative to anesthesia, can be used to complete procedures or repair of injuries in pediatric patients in the ED.”
Cui, M., Jia, Y., Chen, Z., Qu, J.-M., Zhu, Z.-H., Xu, Y., Liu, S., Chen, R., & Yi, S. (2025) · World Journal of Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13017-025-00619-1 · Cited by 3
“It is estimated that 4.5–4.7 million mammalian bites occur annually in USA, accounting for 2% of all visits to emergency room (ER), furthermore 20% of these cases need PEP and treatment [3, 4].”
InfluentialPerceived Aggressive Tendencies of, and Functional Attitudes Towards, Selected Breeds of Dogs
Briones, E., Marshall, P. H., & Mangano, S. (2022) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-bja10073 · Cited by 4
Epidemiology and patterns of dog bite-related head and neck injuries: A NEISS database study.
Kota, S., Zhu, C., Banerjee, S., & Harley, E. H. (2025) · International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2025.112535 · Cited by 2
Peifer, S. J., LoTurco, H. M., Duffield, S. J., Zhang, K., Javier, N., & Herman, B. S. (2024) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000010289 · Cited by 3
Preventing dog bites with L.O.V.E.
Templet, T. A., Allen, L., Conlee, I., Hightower, B., McIntyre, M., & Rivers, T. (2022) · Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000823268.00945.e9 · Cited by 1
Diógenes, C. C., Bezerra, F. H. V., da Silva, M. B., de Almeida, I. T., Neves, L. E. D. M., Silva, F. G. T. E., Souza, A. G., de Andrade, A. B. D., & Maciel, F. (2021) · Research, Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18374 · Cited by 1
Briscoe, M. D., & Reszka, S. (2026) · Discover Animals · doi:10.1007/s44338-026-00256-1
Huang, S., Zhong, L., & Zhang, L. (2026) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2026.104892
Chamaa, D. S., Ortiz-Ocasio, L. S., Zhang, A., Javed, S., Febre-Alemañy, D. A., Le, K. K., Hyman, T. S., Mantilla-Rivas, E., Oh, A., & Rogers, G. F. (2026) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007856
“Similar to many other studies on pediatric dog bite injuries, 2,18,19,21 breed was unavailable for many encounters in our cohort, and known breeds were based on report rather than objective verification.”
Challenges and Outcomes in the Treatment of Severe Craniofacial Injuries From Dog Bite.
Delamura, I. F., Torres, M. S., Leite, M. G. M., Silva, M. P., de Sousa, Y. M. G., Flores, F. D. S., Hochuli-Vieira, E., & Garcia-Júnior, I. (2026) · The Journal of craniofacial surgery (Print) · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000012666
Management of Animal Bite Injuries To Head and Neck
Meena, R., Sharma, A. K., Negi, R., & Sharma, S. (2026) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-026-06316-y
Miao, X. C., Stulginski, A. M., Felix, K. M., Mamoun, L., Picos, J., Alaniz, L., Song, M., Vyas, R. M., & Pfaff, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000012347
de Oliveira, T. S., Goldenberg, D., Ferreira, G. D. C., Precoppe, J. R., & Anger, J. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1809549
“15,16 Notwithstanding, these hypotheses carry signi fi cant publichealth implications, underscoring the need for further investigation to develop and implement preventive strategies aimed at reducing the associated morbidity and burden of DBI on the healthcare system.”
Animal bite injuries in pediatric population: a systematic review
Singhal, R., Sikka, N., & Namdev, R. (2022) · Journal of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1051/mbcb/2022021
Pediatric dog bite injuries of head and neck: An algorithm for the treatment of our clinic
Sanli, E., & Altay, B. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery / Türk Plastik Rekonstrüktif ve Estetik Cerrahi Dergisi · doi:10.4103/tjps.tjps_24_19
“There are many classification methods in the literature according to the injured tissues or surgical needs.[11,14,15] We thought that classification, according to the surgical method, could be more simple and useful for plastic surgeons.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Essig, G. F., Sheehan, C., Rikhi, S., Elmaraghy, C. A., & Christophel, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Nationwide Children's Hospital (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Essig, Garth F.
- Venue
- International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 117
- Pages
- 182-188
- ISSN
- 0165-5876 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2902168520
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Facial Trauma and Fracture Management
- Keywords
- dog bites, facial trauma, dog breeds, bite severity, pit bulls, mixed-breed dogs, dog ownership, dog morphology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bites and Stings, Dental Occlusion, Dogs, Facial Injuries, Humans, Ownership, Risk Factors, Trauma Severity Indices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
