The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mental and physical effort affect vigilance differently
Abstract
Both physical and mental effort are thought to affect vigilance. Mental effort is known for its vigilance declining effects, but the effects of physical effort are less clear. This study investigated whether these two forms of effort affect the EEG and subjective alertness differently. Participants performed a physical task and were subsequently presented with a mental task, or vice versa. Mental effort decreased subjective alertness and increased theta power in the EEG. Both results suggest a vigilance decline. Physical effort, however, increased subjective alertness and alpha and beta1 power in the EEG. These findings point towards an increase in vigilance. Beta2 power was reduced after physical effort, which may reflect a decrease in active cognitive processing. No transfer effects were found between the effort conditions, suggesting that the effects of mental and physical effort are distinct. It is concluded that mental effort decreases vigilance, whereas physical effort increases vigilance without improving subsequent task performance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
EEG theta rhythm over the prefrontal cortex positively correlates with mental workload.
“Previous studies demonstrated that the EEG theta rhythm over the PFC presents a positive correlation with the mental workload60,61.”
From The impact of multisensory integration and perceptual load in virtual reality settings on performance, workload and presence (2021) · cites this paper as [60]
Citations
Cites
Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research
(1988) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)62386-9 · Cited by 15,003
Paus, T., Zatorre, R. J., Hofle, N., Caramanos, Z., Gotman, J., Petrides, M., & Evans, A. C. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.3.392 · Cited by 514
Effect of Physical Exhaustion on Cognitive Functioning
Féry, Y.-A., Ferry, A., Hofe, A. V., & Rieu, M. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.291 · Cited by 62
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Adam, 1997, Exercise-induced arousal and information processing, Int. J. Sport Psychol., 28, 217
- Ballard, 1996, Computerized assessment of sustained attention: a review of factors affecting vigilance performance, J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol., 18, 843, 10.1080/01688639608408307 · DOI
- Blackwood, 1998, Effects of exercise on cognitive and motor function in chronic fatigue syndrome and depression, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 65, 541, 10.1136/jnnp.65.4.541 · DOI
- Bonnet, 1999, Level of arousal and the ability to maintain wakefulness, J. Sleep Res., 8, 247, 10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00168.x · DOI
- Borg, 1982, Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 14, 377, 10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 · DOI · Paper page
- Coenen, 1995, Neuronal activities underlying the electroencephalogram and evoked potentials of sleeping and waking: implications for information processing, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 19, 447, 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00010-C · DOI
- Critchley, 2000, Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans, J. Physiol., 523, 259, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00259.x · DOI · Paper page
- Dodge, 1917, The laws of relative fatigue, Psychol. Rev., 14, 89, 10.1037/h0075549 · DOI
- Dosseville, 2002, Physical exercise and time of day: influences on spontaneous motor tempo, Percept. Mot. Skills, 95, 965, 10.1177/003151250209500301 · DOI
- Fibiger, 1989, Biochemical assessment and differentiation of mental and physical effort, Work Stress, 3, 237, 10.1080/02678378908251559 · DOI
- Gandevia, 2001, Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue, Physiol. Rev., 81, 1725, 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725 · DOI
- Gillberg, 1998, Sleep loss and performance: no ‘safe’ duration of a monotonous task, Physiol. Behav., 64, 599, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00063-8 · DOI
- Gorissen, 1997, Alertness and memory after sleep deprivation and diazepam intake, J. Psychopharmacol., 11, 233, 10.1177/026988119701100306 · DOI
- Jasper, 1958, The ten–twenty electrode system of the international federation of societies for electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 10, 370
- Kahkonen, 2002, Combination of magneto- and electroencephalography in studies of monoamine modulation on attention, Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 24, 27
- Klimesch, 1999, EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis, Brain Res. Rev., 29, 169, 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00056-3 · DOI · Paper page
- 1996, vol. 3, 277, 10.1016/S1874-5822(96)80025-9 · DOI
- Kubitz, 1997, Does aerobic exercise decrease brain activation?, J. Sport Exerc. Psychol., 19, 291, 10.1123/jsep.19.3.291 · DOI
- Matsumoto, 2002, Physical activity increases the dissociation between subjective sleepiness and objective performance levels during extended wakefulness in human, Neurosci. Lett., 326, 133, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00335-X · DOI
- Meeusen, 1995, Exercise and brain neurotransmission, Sports Med., 20, 160, 10.2165/00007256-199520030-00004 · DOI
- Nielsen, 2003, Cerebral changes during exercise in the heat, Sports Med., 33, 1, 10.2165/00007256-200333010-00001 · DOI
- Pennekamp, 1994, Differences in EEG-theta for responded and omitted targets in a sustained attention task, J. Psychophysiol., 8, 131
- Peyrin, 1987, Relationships between catecholamine or 3-methoxy 4-hydroxy phenylglycol changes and the mental performance under submaximal exercise in man, Psychopharmacology, 93, 188, 10.1007/BF00179932 · DOI
- Smit, 2004, Mental effort causes vigilance decrease due to resource depletion, Acta Psychol., 115, 35, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.11.001 · DOI
- Smit, 2004, Mental effort affects vigilance enduringly: after-effects in EEG and behavior, Int. J. Psychophysiol., 53, 239, 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.04.005 · DOI
- Strong, 1916, Fatigue, work, and inhibition, Psychol. Bull., 13, 430, 10.1037/h0070048 · DOI
- Strüder, 2001, Physiology and pathophysiology of the serotonergic system and its implications of mental and physical performance, Int. J. Sports Med., 22, 467, 10.1055/s-2001-17605 · DOI
- Thayer, 1978, Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal), Motiv. Emot., 1, 1, 10.1007/BF00992729 · DOI
- Tsorbatzoudis, 1998, Physical exertion in simple reaction time and continuous attention of sport participants, Percept. Mot. Skills, 86, 571, 10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.571 · DOI
- Verger, 1998, Influence of the composition of a meal taken after physical exercise on mood, vigilance, performance, Physiol. Behav., 64, 317, 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00064-X · DOI
- Youngstedt, 1993, Does body temperature mediate anxiolytic effects of acute exercise?, J. Appl. Physiol., 74, 825, 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.825 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control
Cavanagh, J. F., & Frank, M. J. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.012 · Cited by 2,726
Marucci, M., Di Flumeri, G., Borghini, G., Sciaraffa, N., Scandola, M., Pavone, E. F., Babiloni, F., Betti, V., & Aricò, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84196-8 · Cited by 170
Metadata
- Authors
- Smit, A. S., Eling, P. A. T. M., Hopman, M. T., & Coenen, A. M. L.
- Affiliations
- Thales (Netherlands) (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Smit, Annika S.
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-217
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103902806
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- sustained attention, cognitive effort, physical exertion, subjective alertness, EEG spectral power, theta power, alpha power, beta power, transfer effects, cognitive processes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Electroencephalography, Physical Exertion, Female, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Spectrum Analysis, Task Performance and Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
