Myokines, physical activity, insulin resistance and autoimmune diseases
Abstract
Myokines are peptides produced and released by myocytes of muscle fibers that influence physiology of muscle and other organs and tissues. They are involved in mediating the beneficial effects that exercise has on health. More than one hundred have been identified and among them are IL6, myostatin, irisin, mionectin and decorin. Physical inactivity leads to an altered response of the secretion of myokines and resistance to them; this leads to a pro-inflammatory state that favors sarcopenia and fat accumulation, promoting the development of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2. Some myokines, including irisin, are responsible for the improvement that exercise produces in many chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, some types of cancer and many autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Myostatin inhibits muscle cell growth and differentiation, and irisin stimulates the increase of muscle mass.
“It is believed that myostatin inhibits muscle cell growth and differentiation, and irisin stimulates the increase of muscle mass (42, 43).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
Together, these cytokines induced in a healthy environment optimize the secretion and action of insulin, favor energy expenditure, reduce the storage of visceral fat, and stimulate polarization of MφM2 and reduction in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), decreasing the inflammatory pattern.
“Together, these cytokines induced in a healthy environment optimize the secretion and action of insulin; favor energy expenditure; reduce the storage of visceral fat; and, consequently, stimulate polarization of MϕM2 and reduction in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), decreasing the inflammatory pattern [11,102].”
From Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines: Crosstalk and Metabolic Repercussions (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
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References 67 · Cited by 82
- Authors
- Díaz, B. B., González, D. A., Gannar, F., Pérez, M. C. R., & de León, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (ES)
- University of Carthage (TN)
- Venue
- Immunology Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 203
- Pages
- 1-5
- ISSN
- 0165-2478 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2891977295
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Immunology Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- myokines, physical activity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease, irisin, myostatin, interleukin-6, decorin, sarcopenia, physical inactivity, proinflammatory state, cardiovascular disease, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease
- MeSH terms
- Autoimmune Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Exercise, Cytokines
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