Cited by 544Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Turning cold tumors hot: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications

Zhang, Jiahui, Huang, Di, Saw, Phei Er, Song, Erwei·2022·Trends in Immunology

DOI 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.010

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Abstract

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have achieved clinical benefit, but most 'immune-cold' solid tumors are not responsive. The diversity of immune evasion mechanisms remains a key obstacle in turning nonresponsive 'cold' tumors into responsive 'hot' ones. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms of such transitions and tumor immunotyping can provide significant insights into designing effective therapeutic strategies against cancer. Here, we focus on the latest advances regarding local and systemic regulatory mechanisms of immune responses in cold and hot tumors. We also highlight the necessity for tumor immunotyping through the assessment of multiple immunological variables using various diagnostic techniques and biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential clinical applications of immunophenotyping to turn cold tumors hot, which may further guide combined immunotherapies.

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Authors: Zhang, J., Huang, D., Saw, P. E., & Song, E.
Affiliations: Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
Corresponding author: Saw, Phei Er
Song, Erwei
ORCID: Zhang, Jiahui
Huang, Di
Saw, Phei Er
Song, Erwei
Venue: Trends in Immunology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-07
Volume: 43
Issue: 7
Pages: 523-545
ISSN: 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.010
OpenAlex: W4281490788
Cited by: 534
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 72 · 2025: 145 · 2024: 162 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 22
FWCI: 14.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81621004, 81720108029, 81930081, 91940305, 92159303)
Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2020B1212030004, 2020B1212060018)
Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (20212200003)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: cold tumors, immune evasion, immune checkpoint blockade, tumor microenvironment, immune regulation, biomarkers, combination immunotherapy, solid tumors
MeSH terms: Humans, Immunity, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment

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Turning cold tumors hot: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications

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