The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) increasingly has been used without a consistent or well-accepted definition. To include the vast array of interrelated derangements, and to stress the bidirectional nature of heart-kidney interactions, we present a new classification of the CRS with 5 subtypes that reflect the pathophysiology, the time-frame, and the nature of concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunction. CRS can be generally defined as a pathophysiologic disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction of 1 organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. Type 1 CRS reflects an abrupt worsening of cardiac function (e.g., acute cardiogenic shock or decompensated congestive heart failure) leading to acute kidney injury. Type 2 CRS comprises chronic abnormalities in cardiac function (e.g., chronic congestive heart failure) causing progressive chronic kidney disease. Type 3 CRS consists of an abrupt worsening of renal function (e.g., acute kidney ischemia or glomerulonephritis) causing acute cardiac dysfunction (e.g., heart failure, arrhythmia, ischemia). Type 4 CRS describes a state of chronic kidney disease (e.g., chronic glomerular disease) contributing to decreased cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Type 5 CRS reflects a systemic condition (e.g., sepsis) causing both cardiac and renal dysfunction. Biomarkers can contribute to an early diagnosis of CRS and to a timely therapeutic intervention. The use of this classification can help physicians characterize groups of patients, provides the rationale for specific management strategies, and allows the design of future clinical trials with more accurate selection and stratification of the population under investigation.
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Cites
Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization
Go, A. S., Chertow, G. M., Fan, D., McCulloch, C. E., & Hsu, C.-Y. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa041031 · Cited by 11,369
The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure
Pitt, B., Zannad, F., Remme, W. J., Cody, R., Castaigne, A., Perez, A., Palensky, J., & Wittes, J. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909023411001 · Cited by 9,214
Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
Brunkhorst, F. M., Engel, C., Bloos, F., Meier-Hellmann, A., Ragaller, M., Weiler, N., Moerer, O., Gruendling, M., Oppert, M., Grond, S., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa070716 · Cited by 2,921
Mishra, J., Ma, Q., Prada, A., Mitsnefes, M., Zahedi, K., Yang, J., Barasch, J., & Devarajan, P. (2003) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000088027.54400.c6 · Cited by 1,749
Hjalmarson, Å., Goldstein, S., Fagerberg, B., Wedel, H., Waagstein, F., Kjekshus, J., Wikstrand, J., El Allaf, D., Vítovec, J., Aldershvile, J., et al. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1295 · Cited by 1,399
Renal Function as a Predictor of Outcome in a Broad Spectrum of Patients With Heart Failure
Hillege, H. L., Nitsch, D., Pfeffer, M. A., Swedberg, K., McMurray, J. J. V., Yusuf, S., Granger, C. B., Michelson, E. L., Östergren, J., Cornel, J. H., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.580506 · Cited by 945
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Cited by
Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention
Gansevoort, R. T., Correa-Rotter, R., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Jafar, T. H., Heerspink, H. J. L., Mann, J. F., Matsushita, K., & Wen, C. P. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60595-4 · Cited by 2,213
Ronco, C., Bellomo, R., & Kellum, J. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32563-2 · Cited by 1,910
Self-citationGut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease
Tang, W. H. W., Kitai, T., & Hazen, S. L. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.309715 · Cited by 1,670
Heart failure and kidney dysfunction: epidemiology, mechanisms and management
Schefold, J. C., Filippatos, G., Hasenfuss, G., Anker, S. D., & von Haehling, S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.113 · Cited by 671
Chow, S. L., Maisel, A. S., Anand, I., Bozkurt, B., de Boer, R. A., Felker, G. M., Fonarow, G. C., Greenberg, B., Januzzi, J. L., Kiernan, M. S., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000490 · Cited by 601
Metadata
- Authors
- Ronco, C., Haapio, M., House, A. A., Anavekar, N., & Bellomo, R.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1527-1539
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2912227678
- Cited by
- 1,883
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 48.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cardiorenal Syndrome. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051
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- Ronco, C., Haapio, M., House, A. A., Anavekar, N., & Bellomo, R. (2008). Cardiorenal Syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
