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Long-Term Effect of Goal-Directed Weight Management in an Atrial Fibrillation Cohort
Open accessAbstract
Background Obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist. Weight loss reduces the burden of AF, but whether this is sustained, has a dose effect, or is influenced by weight fluctuation is unknown.Objectives This study sought to evaluate the long-term impact of weight loss and weight fluctuation on rhythm control in obese individuals with AF.Methods Of 1,415 consecutive patients with AF, 825 had a body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m(2) and were offered weight management. After screening for exclusion criteria, 355 were included in this analysis. Weight loss was categorized as group 1 (≥ 10%), group 2 (3% to 9%), and group 3 (<3%). Weight trend and/or fluctuation was determined by yearly follow-up. We determined the impact on the AF severity scale and 7-day ambulatory monitoring.Results There were no differences in baseline characteristics or follow-up among the groups. AF burden and symptom severity decreased more in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001 for all). Arrhythmia-free survival with and without rhythm control strategies was greatest in group 1 compared with groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.001 for both). In multivariate analyses, weight loss and weight fluctuation were independent predictors of outcomes (p < 0.001 for both). Weight loss ≥ 10% resulted in a 6-fold (95% confidence interval: 3.4 to 10.3; p < 0.001) greater probability of arrhythmia-free survival compared with the other 2 groups. Weight fluctuation >5% partially offset this benefit, with a 2-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 4.3; p = 0.02) increased risk of arrhythmia recurrence.Conclusions Long-term sustained weight loss is associated with significant reduction of AF burden and maintenance of sinus rhythm. (Long-Term Effect of Goal directed weight management on Atrial Fibrillation Cohort: A 5 Year follow-up study [LEGACY Study]; ACTRN12614001123639).
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“Given the high incidence of AF after CTI ablation for typical AFL”
From European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE) (2017) · cites this paper as [167]
In the citing paper
“Intensive weight-reduction management in addition to management of other cardiovascular risk factors (in the range of 10-15 kg weight loss achieved) led to fewer AF recurrences and symptoms compared with an approach based on general advice in obese patients with AF.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [296]
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BackgroundNursE led Atrial Fibrillation Management: The NEAT Study
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Mahajan, R., Pathak, R. K., Thiyagarajah, A., Lau, D. H., Marchlinski, F. E., Dixit, S., Day, J. D., Hendriks, J., Carrington, M. J., Kalman, J. M., et al. (2017) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2017.05.123 · Cited by 21
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InfluentialPolovina, M. M., Hindricks, G., Maggioni, A. P., Piepoli, M. F., Vardas, P. E., Ašanin, M., Đikić, D., Đuričić, N., Milinković, I., & Seferovic, P. M. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy446 · Cited by 21
“Although, there is paucity of data on risk factor interventions for preventing nonthromboembolic complications in AF patients, clinical trial data indicate that comprehensive risk factor management, particularly a sustained weight loss and an improved cardio-respiratory fitness, could decrease AF burden in obese patie…”
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Innovations and paradigm shifts in atrial fibrillation ablation
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“31 However, as yet there is no consistent evidence that nonsurgical weight loss leads to a reduction in AF incidence.”
Atrial Fibrillation in Endurance Athletes
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Novel advances in cardiac rehabilitation
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“The observational ARREST-AF and LEGACY trials clearly demonstrate beneficial effects on ablation outcomes when the management of different risk factors is combined [11, 22].”
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“These studies entailed aggressive and comprehensive management of multiple risk factors.(3,4) Although effective, this approach to RFM is resource‐intensive.”
BackgroundResultNew Avenues for Optimal Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Prevention
Marchis, G. M. D., Sposato, L. A., Kühne, M., Dittrich, T. D., Bonati, L. H., Fischer, U., & Chaturvedi, S. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032060 · Cited by 20
Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Where Do We Go From Here?
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“This is substantiated by the observation in the LEGACY study that progressive weight loss has a dose-dependent effect on long-term freedom from AF in obese individuals with symptomatic AF [57].”
ResultEfficacy and safety of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with history of cancer
Ganatra, S., Abraham, S., Kumar, A., Parikh, R., Patel, R. P., Khadke, S., Kumar, A., Liu, V., Diaz, A. N. R., Neilan, T. G., et al. (2023) · Cardio-Oncology · doi:10.1186/s40959-023-00171-4 · Cited by 19
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“29 Pathak et al. have shown that among obese patients with AF, sustained weight loss ( ≥ 10% reduction in body weight) was associated with a sixfold higher likelihood of arrhythmia ‐ free survival at long ‐ term follow ‐ up of 5 years, whereas weight fluctuation of >5% was associated with a twofold…”
BackgroundBody mass index and pulmonary vein isolation: real-world data on outcomes and quality of life
Vermeer, J. R., Houterman, S., Medendorp, N. M., van der Voort, P., Dekker, L., Kuijt, W. J., Driessen, A. H. G., Kemme, M. J. B., van der Voort, P. H., Bhagwandien, R. E., et al. (2024) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euae157 · Cited by 18
“28 The SORT-AF trial randomized patients with BMI 30–40 kg/m 2 to undergo weight reduction treatment after initial ablation but did not reveal an effect on AF burden or repeat ablations.”
Method‘What else can I do?’: Insights from atrial fibrillation patient communication online
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Atrial fibrillation and cardiac rehabilitation: an overview
Robaye, B., Lakiss, N., Dumont, F., & Laruelle, C. (2019) · Acta cardiologica. Supplementum · doi:10.1080/00015385.2019.1565663 · Cited by 19
“Further, moderate activity may facilitate weight loss, therefore reducing the occurrence of AF as shown by the LEGACY study [8].”
BackgroundPredictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation following catheter ablation
Mohanty, S., Rocca, D. G. D., Gianni, C., Trivedi, C. G., Mayedo, A., MacDonald, B. C., & Natale, A. (2021) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2021.1892490 · Cited by 18
“ciated with significant reduction of AF burden and maintenance of sinus rhythm [46].”
BackgroundTen Lifestyle Modification Approaches to Treat Atrial Fibrillation
Sabzwari, S. R. A., Garg, L., Lakkireddy, D., & Day, J. (2018) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.2682 · Cited by 18
The structure and functions of the presenilins
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Autonomic Nervous System: A Therapeutic Target for Cardiac End-Organ Damage in Hypertension
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“68”
Etiology, Pathology, and Classification of Atrial Fibrillation
Nayak, S., Natarajan, B., & Pai, R. G. (2020) · International Journal of Angiology · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1705153 · Cited by 19
Camm, C. F., Lacey, B., Massa, M. S., Ende, A. V., Gajendragadkar, P. R., Stiby, A. I., Valdés‐Márquez, E., Lewington, S., Wijesurendra, R. S., Parish, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyab184 · Cited by 17
“Importantly, to date, studies assessing the effect of weight loss on AF have normally combined calorie restriction with physical exercise.(10,44) Our findings support public health messaging and individual weight-loss programmes, and suggest that the impact of body composition on the incidence or recurrence of AF, par…”
BackgroundObesity and Atrial Fibrillation: A Narrative Review
Gupta, V., Munjal, J., Jhajj, P., Jhajj, S., & Jain, R. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.31205 · Cited by 19
“Furthermore, sustained weight control and metabolic bariatric surgery have shown a reduced atrial fibrillation disease burden in the long term [42,43].”
BackgroundLong-term cardiometabolic effects of ambient ozone pollution in a large Chinese population
Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhao, B., Wan, W., Shi, S., Xuan, C., Yu, C., Mao, W., & Yan, J. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115115 · Cited by 19
Bhonsale, A., Zhu, J., Thoma, F. W., Koscumb, S., Kancharla, K., Voigt, A., Magnani, J. W., Estes, N. A. M., Saba, S., Marroquin, O. C., et al. (2024) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.123.012143 · Cited by 17
Johnson, L., Juhlin, T., Engström, G., & Nilsson, P. M. (2015) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvv056 · Cited by 17
AlTurki, A., Maj, J. B., Marafi, M., Donato, F., Vescovo, G. M., Russo, V., & Proietti, R. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55120767 · Cited by 17
“Patients that lost >5% of body mass, but did not reach the 10% threshold, actually had a two-fold increase in arrhythmia recurrence [29].”
BackgroundHypertension, Prehypertension, Hypertensive Heart Disease, and Atrial Fibrillation
Lau, D. H., Shenasa, H. A., & Shenasa, M. (2021) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2020.11.009 · Cited by 18
Proietti, M., & Boriani, G. (2019) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-019-00374-0 · Cited by 17
Raman, K., Aeschbacher, S., Bossard, M., Hochgruber, T., Zimmermann, A. J., Kaufmann, B. A., Pumpol, K., Rickenbacker, P., Paré, G., & Conen, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157550 · Cited by 17
Impact of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation on Disease Progression
Bénali, K., Macle, L., Haı̈ssaguerre, M., Nattel, S., Deyell, M. W., Costa, A. D., & Andrade, J. G. (2025) · JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2024.10.017 · Cited by 17
Mills, M. T., Futyma, P., Calvert, P. A. R., Penela, D., Roten, L., Perrotta, L., Migliore, F., Lip, G. Y. H., Gupta, D., & Chun, K. R. J. (2025) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euaf075 · Cited by 16
“11 Similarly, pre-ablation weight loss improves long-term procedural outcomes.”
Boehmer, A. A., Rothe, M., Nussbaum, E., Ruckes, C., Dobre, B. C., Kaess, B. M., & Ehrlich, J. R. (2023) · IJC Heart & Vasculature · doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101244 · Cited by 16
Vermeer, J. R., van den Broek, J. L. P. M., & Dekker, L. (2024) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200344 · Cited by 17
The Close Link Between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Lee, H., Rhee, T., Choi, J. M., Choi, S., & Kim, D. W. (2025) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2024.10.005 · Cited by 19
Eckardt, L., Deneke, T., Diener, H., Hindricks, G., Hoffmeister, H. M., Hohnloser, S. H., Kirchhof, P. F., & Stellbrink, C. (2017) · Der Kardiologe · doi:10.1007/s12181-017-0141-5 · Cited by 16
“Auch wenn Inhibitoren des Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron Systems AF-Rezidive nicht besser als Placebo verhindern [5, 6], spielt die Blutdruckeinstellung in der Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen wie auch das Vermeiden von Übergewicht eine große Rolle [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffectiveness and safety of atrial fibrillation ablation in females
Li, J., Sang, C., Du, X., He, L., Lu, S., Jiang, C., Xia, S., Chang, S., Zuo, S., Guo, X., et al. (2020) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.13921 · Cited by 14
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Atrial Fibrillation
Mahajan, R., & Wong, C. X. J. (2021) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2020.11.006 · Cited by 16
Symptoms and health‐related quality of life 5 years after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
Walfridsson, U., Jönsson, A. H., Karlsson, L., Liuba, I., Almroth, H., Sandgren, E., Walfridsson, H., & Charitakis, E. (2021) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.23752 · Cited by 16
“There is solid evidence regarding the positive effects of lifestyle management, which can lead to a reduced symptom burden, absence of AF, and positive effects on comorbidities.(26,28) The third predictive factor seen was IHD, giving a threefold increased risk of having arrhythmia‐related symptoms five years after the…”
BackgroundResultBrundel, B. J. J. M., Ai, X., Hills, M. T., Kuipers, M. F., Lip, G. Y. H., & de Groot, N. M. S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.17 · Cited by 18
Olivia, C., Hastie, C., & Farshid, A. (2020) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.14874 · Cited by 16
Yuan, H., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., López-Jiménez, F. A., Miranda, W. R., Collazo–Clavell, M. L., Sarr, M. G., Chamberlain, A. M., Hodge, D. O., Bailey, K. R., Wang, Y., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.647118 · Cited by 16
“Prospective and randomized studies from the same institution found that long-term sustained weight loss was associated with a significant reduction of AF burden in the same group of obese individuals, irrespective of the type of therapy (24, 25).”
BackgroundVarma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbuchel, H., Hu, Y., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J.-P., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.11.004 · Cited by 16
“Improvement in exercise capacity of 2 METs in overweight individuals may double freedom from AF (Pathak 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuo, J., Song, Z., Wang, S., Yao, D., Yu, H., Fu, M., Chen, M., Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., et al. (2025) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.125.014069 · Cited by 15
Bai, C., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Ye, Q., Zhao, C., Liu, Y., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s12265-022-10267-4 · Cited by 15
“Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of energy metabolism in the development of AF [38, 39], and changes in PDK4 may response to cardiometabolic demands and correlate with AF burden [40].”
BackgroundNurse-led care after ablation of atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial
Vanharen, Y., Abugattás-Torres, J. P., Adriaenssens, B., Convens, C., Schwagten, B., Tijskens, M., Wolf, M., Goossens, E., Bogaert, P. V., & Greef, Y. D. (2023) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwad117 · Cited by 17
Middeldorp, M. E., Sandhu, R. K., Mao, J., Gencer, B., Danik, J. S., Moorthy, M. V., Cook, N. R., & Albert, C. M. (2023) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.123.012334 · Cited by 16
“The importance of risk factor modification in patients with AF for the reduction in symptoms and burden has been shown 11 , 12 ; thus, understanding the risk factors predisposing to an initial presentation of persistent AF is key.”
BackgroundObesity and Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review
Na, J. S., Garapati, S. S., & Lador, A. (2025) · Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.14797/mdcvj.1516 · Cited by 19
Epidemiología de la fibrilación auricular
Gómez‐Doblas, J. J., López-Garrido, M. A., Ruiz, I. E., & Barón‐Esquivias, G. (2016) · Revista Española de Cardiología Suplementos · doi:10.1016/s1131-3587(16)30007-3 · Cited by 16
Drivers of hospitalization in atrial fibrillation: A contemporary review
Bhat, A., Khanna, S., Chen, H. H. L., Gan, G. C. H., MacIntyre, C. R., & Tan, T. C. (2020) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.015 · Cited by 13
Urbanek, L., Bordignon, S., Chen, S., Bologna, F., Tohoku, S., Dincher, M., Schulte‐Hahn, B., Schmidt, B., & Chun, K. R. J. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.15478 · Cited by 15
“Pathak et al.(20) showed that weight reduction of > 10% in obese patients leads to a decrease in AF burden, AF severity, and to a higher arrhythmia free survival with and without rhythm control strategies.”
BackgroundMoss, A. S., Dimitropoulos, G., Connolly, D. L., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1350647 · Cited by 15
Jiang, C., Lan, D., Du, X., Geng, Y., Chang, S., Zheng, D., Chen, J., Yu, R., Sang, C., Long, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.14231 · Cited by 15
“While AF can be a marker of cardiovascular remodeling, previous studies have observed that the remodeling of the atrial substrate can be reversed with aggressive management of weight reduction.(7,32) Similarly, modification of elevated BP has been shown to reduce left atrial size in new‐onset atrial fibrillation patie…”
BackgroundResultBhat, A., Gan, G. C. H., Chen, H. H. L., Khanna, S., Nawaz, S., Nunes, M. C. P., Dobbins, T., MacIntyre, C. R., & Tan, T. C. (2021) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2021.06.015 · Cited by 15
Kreidieh, O., Varley, A. L., Romero, J. E., Singh, D., Silverstein, J. R., Thosani, A. J., Varosy, P. D., Hebsur, S., Godfrey, B. E., Schrappe, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-022-01205-0 · Cited by 15
Alcohol Abstinence in Drinkers with Atrial Fibrillation
Linz, D., & Crijns, H. J. G. M. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001512 · Cited by 15
Lifestyle Therapy for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Abdul-Aziz, A. A., Altawil, M., Lyon, A., MacEachern, M., Richardson, C. R., Rubenfire, M., Pelosi, F., & Jackson, E. A. (2018) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.01.023 · Cited by 14
“4 months.(13) Participants were grouped by the amount of weight loss: ≥10% (n = 135), 3% to 9% (n = 103), and <3% (n = 117).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pathak, R. K., Middeldorp, M. E., Meredith, M., Mehta, A. B., Mahajan, R., Wong, C. X., Twomey, D., Elliott, A. D., Kalman, J. M., Abhayaratna, W. P., Lau, D. H., & Sanders, P.
- Affiliations
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sanders, Prashanthan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 2159-2169
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2102904190
- Cited by
- 1,036
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 39
- FWCI
- 66.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lions Medical Research Foundation
- National Heart Foundation of Australia
- University of Adelaide
- Rhodes College
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, obesity, weight loss, weight variation, arrhythmia burden, rhythm control, arrhythmia-free survival, sinus rhythm maintenance, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Atrial Fibrillation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Goals, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Severity of Illness Index, Time, Time Factors, Weight Loss
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