The comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A longitudinal study
Abstract
Background Comorbidity between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and depression and anxiety disorders in children and young to middle-aged adults has been well documented in the literature. Yet, it is still unknown whether this comorbidity persists into later life. The aim of this study is therefore to examine the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive symptoms among older adults with ADHD. This is examined both using cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Methods Data were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Participants were examined in three measurement cycles, covering six years. They were asked about depressive and anxiety symptoms. To diagnose ADHD, the DIVA 2.0, a diagnostic interview was administered among a subsample (N=231, age 60-94). In addition to the ADHD diagnosis, the association between the sum score of ADHD symptoms and anxiety and depressive symptoms was examined. Data were analyzed by means of linear regression analyses and linear mixed models. Results Both ADHD diagnosis and more ADHD symptoms were associated with more anxiety and depressive symptoms cross-sectionally as well as longitudinally. The longitudinal analyses showed that respondents with higher scores of ADHD symptoms reported an increase of depressive symptoms over six years whereas respondents with fewer ADHD symptoms remained stable. Limitations The ADHD diagnosis is based on the DSM-IVcriteria, which were developed for children, and have not yet been valida…
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Adult ADHD is often accompanied by mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, autism spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders.
“Thereby, adult ADHD is often accompanied by mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, autism spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders (Bramhan et al. 2012; Michielsen et al. 2013; Sobanski et al. 2007; Young and Cocallis 2021).”
From ADHD and associated psychopathology in older adults in a German community sample (2023) · cites this paper as Michielsen et al. 2013
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References 45 · Cited by 120
- Authors
- Michielsen, M., Comijs, H. C., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Sandra Kooij, J. J.
- Affiliations
- PsyQ (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Michielsen, Marieke
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 220-227
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1984058054
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Health, Wellbeing and Sports of the Dutch government
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, older adults, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, comorbidities, aging, longitudinal change, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Comorbidity
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