Cited by 178Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

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Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages

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Essau, Cecilia A., Lewinsohn, Peter M., Lim, Jie Xin, Ho, Moon-ho R., Rohde, Paul·2018·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014PMC PMC5807150

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Abstract

Background Anxiety disorders are common in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and frequently comorbid with other mental disorders.Objective The main aim of the present study was to examine the incidence, recurrence and comorbidity rates of anxiety disorders across four developmental periods, namely, during childhood (5 - 12.9 years), adolescence (13 - 17.9 years), emerging adulthood (18 - 23.9 years), and adulthood (24 - 30 years).Method Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and adulthood.Results The result showed first incidence of anxiety disorders to be significantly higher in childhood and adulthood than in adolescence and emerging adulthood. Female gender was associated with first incidence, but not with recurrence. Significant comorbidity was found between anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder (MDD) across the four developmental periods. The comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders (SUD) was significant in childhood, emerging adulthood and adulthood, but not in adolescence. The presence of anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence significantly increased the probability of having an anxiety disorder during emerging adulthood.Limitations The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous.Conclusion Incidence and recurrence rates of anxiety disorders differed across four diverse developmental periods. The magnitude of comorbidity between anxiety disorders and MDD was comparable across periods.

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Liu, D., Wei, X., Jia, L., & Bao, Z. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/7875846

Authors: Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M.-H. R., & Rohde, P.
Affiliations: University of Roehampton (GB)
Oregon Research Institute (US)
Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Corresponding author: Essau, Cecilia A.
ORCID: Essau, Cecilia A.
Lim, Jie Xin
Ho, Moon-ho R.
Rohde, Paul
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-03
Volume: 228
Pages: 248-253
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014
PMC: PMC5807150
OpenAlex: W2773451785
Cited by: 178
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 13.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 309 d)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (acceptedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH040501, R01MH050522)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: anxiety disorders, incidence, recurrence, comorbidities, developmental stages, childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, gender differences, community sample
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Comorbidity, Incidence, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages

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