Prevalence of major depressive disorder and association with personal and socio-economic factors. Results for Spain of the European Health Interview Survey 2014–2015
Abstract
Background Depression is a prevalent and most burdensome mental disorder. The objectives of this study are: to assess the prevalence of major depressive disorder in the adult population of Spain; and to analyse its association with personal and socio-economic factors.Methods Data from the European Health Interview Survey in Spain (2014-2015) were analysed (n = 21,546). DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) was assessed with the PHQ-8. Personal (age, marital status, and country of birth) and socio-economic (educational level, residence area, employment status and occupational social class) factors were also measured. Prevalence by gender and by personal and socio-economic factors was estimated. Crude (OR) and adjusted (aOR) Odds Ratio and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) were calculated using logistic regression models. All analyses were stratified by gender.Results Prevalence of MDD was 8.0% (95%CI: 7.3-8.6) among women and 4.1% (95%CI: 3.7-4.6) among men. For both genders, MDD was more prevalent among unemployed and among those in more disadvantaged social classes. Among women only, MDD was more prevalent for those widowed or separated, those with lower educational level, those retired, pre-retired or homemakers and in older ages. Among men only, MDD was more prevalent among those that were born in Spain.Limitations Data are cross-sectional and the sensitivity and specificity of PHQ-8 are not perfect.Conclusions Prevalence of MDD in Spain is high, especially among women, and is strongly associated with personal variables and socio-economic disadvantage. Intersectoral interventions aimed at diminishing the impact of socio-economic disadvantage may help decreasing the societal burden of depression.
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Both sex and age have been systematically related to the prevalence of depression.
“Both sex and age have been systematically related to the prevalence of depression (Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018;Kessler et al., 2010;Patel et al., 2018a).”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018
The prevalence estimates of probable depressive disorder in the present study are similar to those observed in the same year in other high-income countries using the PHQ-8 such as Germany (around 7.4%) and Spain (approximately 6.5%).
“The prevalence estimates of probable depressive disorder reported in the present study are slightly higher than those reported by the APMS in 2014 using a different measure (CIS-R) (NHS Digital, 2014), but are similar to those observed in the same year in other high-income countries using the PHQ-8 such as Germany (around 7.4%) and Spain (approximately 6.5%) (Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018;Bretsch”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018
A higher prevalence of depressive symptoms has consistently been found in women compared to men.
“While a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms has consistently been found in women compared to men, the relationship of the prevalence with age is less clear.”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018
Evidence from other countries suggests that the prevalence of depression tends to increase as age increases.
“Evidence from other countries (Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018;Luppa et al., 2012;Maske et al., 2016), suggests that the prevalence of depression tends to increase as the age increases.”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Arias-de la Torre et al., 2018
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References 18 · Cited by 72
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- StataCorp, 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. 2015. doi:10.2307/2234838 · DOI
- Authors
- Arias-de la Torre, J., Vilagut, G., Martín, V., Molina, A. J., & Alonso, J.
- Affiliations
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (ES)
- Universidad de León (ES)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 239
- Pages
- 203-207
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2814300786
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 12.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, prevalence, socioeconomic factors, gender differences, unemployment, social class, educational attainment, marital status, birthplace, PHQ-8, Spain, mental health burden
- MeSH terms
- Patient Health Questionnaire, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Residence Characteristics, Sex Factors, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Spain, Unemployment, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Odds Ratio, Marital Status, Sex Distribution, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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