Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial: baseline evaluation of selected nutrients and food group intake
Open accessAbstract
Background Little has been reported regarding food and nutrient intake in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and most reports have been based on findings in select groups or individuals who self-reported having diabetes.Objective To describe the baseline food and nutrient intake of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial participants, compare participant intake to national guidelines, and describe demographic and health characteristics associated with food group consumption.Methods The Look AHEAD trial is evaluating the effects of a lifestyle intervention (calorie control and increased physical activity for weight loss) compared with diabetes support and education on long-term cardiovascular and other health outcomes. Participants are 45 to 75 years old, overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 25), and have type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional analysis, baseline food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire from 2,757 participants between September 2000 and December 2003.Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to summarize intake by demographic characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed univariate effects of characteristics on consumption. Multiple linear regression models assessed factors predictive of intake. Least square estimates were based on final models, and logistic regression determined factors predictive of recommended intake.Results Ninety-three percent of the participants exceeded the recommended percentage of calories from fat, 85% exceeded the saturated fat recommendation, and 92% consumed too much sodium. Also, fewer than half met the minimum recommended servings of fruit, vegetables, dairy, and grains.Conclusions These participants with pre-existing diabetes did not meet recommended food and nutrition guidelines. These overweight adults diagnosed with diabetes are exceeding recommended intake of fat, saturated fats, and sodium, which may contribute to increasing their risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
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People with diabetes, on average, eat about the same proportions of macronutrients as the general public: approximately 45% calories from carbohydrate, 36-40% from fat, and 16-18% from protein.
“It has been observed that people with diabetes, on average, eat about the same proportions of macronutrients as thegeneralpublic: ; 45%oftheircalories from carbohydrate (see Table 3), ; 36 -40% of calories from fat, and the remainder ( ; 16 -18%) from protein (46 -48).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that Look AHEAD participants consumed approximately 44% of calories from carbohydrate, 40% from fat, and 17% from protein, closely matching the quoted figures. It does not compare those proportions with the general public, and its participants were overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes rather than people with diabetes generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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References 25 · Cited by 89
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [2]Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride 1997 71 145 National Academy Press Washington, DC 23115811
- [4]Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate 2004 270 National Academy Press Washington DC
- Authors
- Vitolins, M. Z., Anderson, A. M., Delahanty, L., Raynor, H., Miller, G. D., Mobley, C., Reeves, R., Yamamoto, M., Champagne, C., Wing, R. R., & Mayer-Davis, E.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vitolins, Mara Z.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1367-1375
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2804253
- OpenAlex
- W2105481728
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30dk046204-15)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-57171, DK 57136, DK57149, DK 57002, DK57182, DK56990, (DK 046204, DK57008, DK57177, DK 57078, DK57219, U01DK057149, DK-57178, U01DK057151, U01DK057135, U01DK057131, U01DK056990, DK-57135, U01DK057136, DK-56992, DK57154, U01DK057178, U01DK057182, U01DK057078, U01DK057154, U01DK057008, U01DK057171, DK57131, U01DK057219, U01DK056992, U01DK057177, P30DK048520, DK 57151, P30-DK 48520)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR-0021140, M01RR-00051, M01RR002719, M01RR000056, M01RR000051, M01RR001066, M0-1-RR-02719, M01RR000211, M01-RR01066)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, dietary intake, nutrient intake, food group intake, saturated fat, dietary fat, sodium intake, fruit and vegetable intake, dairy consumption, grain consumption, overweight adults, Look AHEAD trial, dietary guidelines, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Fats, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Education as Topic, Predictive Value of Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sodium, Dietary, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Nutrition Policy
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