The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Excessive acquisition in hoarding
Open accessAbstract
Compulsive hoarding (the acquisition of and failure to discard large numbers of possessions) is associated with substantial health risk, impairment, and economic burden. However, little research has examined separate components of this definition, particularly excessive acquisition. The present study examined acquisition in hoarding. Participants, 878 self-identified with hoarding and 665 family informants (not matched to hoarding participants), completed an Internet survey. Among hoarding participants who met criteria for clinically significant hoarding, 61% met criteria for a diagnosis of compulsive buying and approximately 85% reported excessive acquisition. Family informants indicated that nearly 95% exhibited excessive acquisition. Those who acquired excessively had more severe hoarding; their hoarding had an earlier onset and resulted in more psychiatric work impairment days; and they experienced more symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and anxiety. Two forms of excessive acquisition (buying and free things) each contributed independent variance in the prediction of hoarding severity and related symptoms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
(1995) · Cited by 6,909
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29657 · Cited by 5,801
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version.
Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485 · Cited by 2,959
Kraut, R. E., Olson, J., Banaji, M. R., Bruckman, A. S., Cohen, J., & Couper, M. P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.105 · Cited by 922
A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding
Frost, R. O., & Hartl, T. L. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2 · Cited by 853
Self-citationMeasurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.006 · Cited by 803
Self-citationThe impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days
Kessler, R. C., & Frank, R. G. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004807 · Cited by 716
Compulsive buying: descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity.
Ga, C., Faber, R., de Zwaan, M., Raymond, N. C., Sm, S., Ekern, Tb, M., Crosby, R. D., Sj, C., & Ed, E. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 664
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Steketee, 2003, Beliefs about possessions among compulsive hoarders, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 467
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–198 of 198
Attention, response inhibition, and hoarding: A neuropsychological examination
Norberg, M. M., Meares, S., Stevenson, R. J., Tame, J., Wong, G., Aldrich, P., & Olivier, J. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00053 · Cited by 12
Collectors’ motives in the context of wealth management
Fur, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Asset Management · doi:10.1057/s41260-021-00221-5 · Cited by 12
Levy, H. C., Nett, A., & Tolin, D. F. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.163 · Cited by 12
Self-citationMotives for acquiring and saving and their relationship with object attachment
David, J., Blonner, M., Forbes, M. K., & Norberg, M. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.007 · Cited by 12
Compulsive Buying: Obsessive Acquisition, Collecting or Hoarding?
Lo, H.-Y., & Harvey, N. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9477-2 · Cited by 12
Childhood environment, sense of control and hoarding among Chinese college students
Zhu, X., & Geng, Y. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01624-8 · Cited by 12
Effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy for Hoarding Disorder: Evaluation of outcomes
Chandler, A., Fogg, R., & Smith, J. G. (2019) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.03.003 · Cited by 10
State of the Science: Hoarding Disorder and Its Treatment.
Tolin, D. F., Worden, B. L., & Levy, H. C. (2025) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.03.002 · Cited by 8
Self-citationSomma, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Gialdi, G., Leva, N. D., Falcone, E., Villa, M., Frau, C., & Fossati, A. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115100 · Cited by 10
Levy, H. C., Frost, R. O., Offermann, E. A., Steketee, G. S., & Tolin, D. F. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10022-1 · Cited by 9
Self-citationLee, S. P., Ong, C. W., Sagayadevan, V., Ong, R. H. S., Abdin, E., Lim, S. L. ‐., Vaingankar, J. A., Picco, L., Verma, S. K., Chong, S. A., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1043-y · Cited by 8
Reactance, Decisional Procrastination, and Hesitation: A Latent Class Analysis of Clutter Behavior
Patel, D. A., Graupmann, V., & Ferrari, J. R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032061 · Cited by 7
Co-occurring Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Hoarding Disorder: A Review of the Current Literature
Worden, B. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2021-0010 · Cited by 8
Self-citationHoarding symptoms correlate with the endowment effect
Pushkarskaya, H., Lenkic, P., Stewart, B. A., Tolin, D. F., & Woody, S. R. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.06.002 · Cited by 5
Self-citationVarvaras, J., Schaar, P., Laskowski, N. M., Georgiadou, E., Norberg, M. M., & Müller, A. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152588 · Cited by 5
Self-reported memory and executive function in adult non-clinical hoarders
Heffernan, T., Hamilton, C. J., & Neave, N. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1917578 · Cited by 5
Hoarding disorder: Questions and controversies
van Roessel, P., Rodríguez, P. A. M., Frost, R. O., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100808 · Cited by 7
Self-citationChater, C., Shaw, J., & McKay, S. M. (2013) · Home Healthcare Now · doi:10.1097/nhh.0b013e3182838847 · Cited by 5
Structured Interview for Hoarding Disorder (SIHD)
Novara, C., Cavedini, P., Dorz, S., Pardini, S., & Sica, C. (2017) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000433 · Cited by 5
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x06_obsessive_compulsive_and_related_disorders · Cited by 7
Hoarding revisited: there is light at the end of the living room
Pertusa, A., Gaston, R. L., & Choudry, A. H. (2018) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2018.39 · Cited by 5
Hoarders Only Discount Consumables and Are More Patient for Money
Vickers, B. D., Preston, S. D., Gonzalez, R., & Angott, A. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00030 · Cited by 5
Assessment and Treatment of Compulsive Buying
Mueller, A., Mitchell, J. E., & Peterson, L. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0115 · Cited by 5
Pathological collecting: a case report
Braquehais, M. D., Valls, M. D. M., Sher, L., & Casas, M. (2012) · International Journal on Disability and Human Development · doi:10.1515/ijdhd.2012.001 · Cited by 5
Müller, A., & de Zwaan, M. (2010) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-010-1032-0 · Cited by 5
Using item response theory to investigate potential gender bias in hoarding symptoms
Timpano, K. R., Goodman, Z. T., Kushner, M. L., Hudiburgh, S. E., Rodríguez, C. I., & Grisham, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2023.100788 · Cited by 4
Lozano, E. R., Fuillerat, C. O., Blasco-Novalbos, G., Antón, M. S., Gutiérrez, F. G., & Pérez, C. B. (2014) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría · doi:10.4321/s0211-57352014000400002 · Cited by 4
Filomensky, T. Z., & Tavares, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_69 · Cited by 4
CBT with an Adolescent with Hoarding Disorder—a Single-Case Experimental Design
Knight, R. A., Davies, R., Salkovskis, P. M., & Gregory, J. D. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0033-x · Cited by 4
Gong, Y., Tan, Y., & Huang, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935897 · Cited by 5
The Classification of Substance and Behavioural Addictions: A Preliminary Investigation
McLachlan, A., & Starkey, N. J. (2012) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 4
Comparing effects of acceptance training and psychoeducation on hoarding symptoms
Ong, C. W., Krafft, J., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100521 · Cited by 4
Müller, A., Böning, J., & de Zwaan, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38364-9_4 · Cited by 4
Hollander, E., Poskar, S., & Gerard, A. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119941125.ch6 · Cited by 4
La mujer moderna y el comprar compulsivo
Rosa Behar, A. (2018) · Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría · doi:10.4067/s0717-92272018000100046 · Cited by 3
Fear of intimacy and hoarding symptoms: The mediating role of object attachment
Martin, A. D., Mathes, B. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100702 · Cited by 5
Validierung der deutschen Version der Compulsive Acquisition Scale
Mueller, A., Crosby, R. D., Linsenbühler, S., Bleich, S., Osen, B., Glaesmer, H., & de Zwaan, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000030 · Cited by 3
Compulsive Hoarding as a Function of Money Attitudes
Silver, N. C. (2015) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2015.04.00228 · Cited by 3
Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders
Breet, E., & Löchner, C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13060-6_5 · Cited by 4
Assessment, treatment and the importance of early intervention of childhood hoarding
Højgaard, D. R. M. A., & Skarphéðinsson, G. (2020) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2020.17 · Cited by 2
Filomensky, T. Z., & Tavares, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_77 · Cited by 2
Consumer Compulsive Buying and Hoarding in a World of Fast Fashion
Higgins, K., Kinley, T. R., Crutsinger, C. A., & Strübel, J. (2014) · doi:10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-929 · Cited by 2
Diagnostic and Severity Measures for Adults with Obsessive‐Compulsive Related Disorders
Taillefer, S. E., & Antony, M. M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch49 · Cited by 2
Development and Initial Validation of the Adult Coping Inventory
Hollas, K. (2020) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5213 · Cited by 2
Can Hoarding Be a Symptom of Social Anxiety Disorder? A Case Study
Vigne, P., de Menezes, G. B., Yücel, M., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2013) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.46.3.f · Cited by 1
Zum Grundverständnis des pathologischen Hortens
Agdari-Moghadam, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57281-8_2 · Cited by 1
Espectro obsessivo-compulsivo: uma revisão
Vieira, F. F. P. (2018) · Psicólogo inFormação · doi:10.15603/2176-0969/pi.v21n21-22p51-79 · Cited by 1
İSTİFLEME BOZUKLUĞUNDA ÇÖP EVLER VE SOSYAL HİZMET MÜDAHALESİ
Kılıç, A. K. (2019) · Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi · doi:10.46218/tshd.1139369 · Cited by 1
Gledhill, L. J., Veale, D. M., Drury, H., Bream, V., & Onwumere, J. (2022) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100745 · Cited by 1
Cognitive behavioral therapy for child and adolescent hoarding disorder
Højgaard, D. R. M. A., & Skarphéðinsson, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85757-4.00037-7 · Cited by 1
Decision Making and Association in Hoarding
Mann, B. D. (2015) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 1
Agdari-Moghadam, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72342-2_2 · Cited by 1
Mcguire, J. F., Brennan, E. M., & Storch, E. A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch50 · Cited by 1
Mahadevaswamy, M., Nathawat, S., & Fido, D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8924690/v1 · Cited by 1
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders: Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Hoarding Disorder
Pato, M. T., Steketee, G. S., Eisen, J. L., Yip, A. G., & Phillips, K. A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118753378.ch57
Self-citationFilomensky, T. Z. (2011) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2011.tde-12012012-165404
Hoarding Behavior and Hoarding Disorder
Tompkins, M. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1432-6_2
Transtorno da Acumulação: características clínicas e epidemiológicas
Schmidt, D. R., Méa, C. P. D., & Wagner, M. F. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Sorensen, R. J. (2011) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota)
Tavares, H., & Paulo, S. (2011)
Helping Those with Hoarding Behaviors
Wick, J. Y., & Zanni, G. R. (2011) · The Consultant Pharmacist · doi:10.4140/tcp.n.2011.458
Lozano, E. R., Fuillerat, C. O., Blasco-Novalbos, G., Gutiérrez, F. G., & Pérez, C. (2014)
Moral Reasoning and Moral Emotions Linking Hoarding and Scrupulosity
Lit, K. R. (2017) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University)
The Psychology of Hoarding: Who Hoards? What do they Hoard? Why do they Hoard?
Ikeuchi, H. (2017) · Material Cycles and Waste Management Research · doi:10.3985/mcwmr.28.186
From OC Spectrum to Anxiety Disorders
Hellberg, S. N., Jacoby, R. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_6
Excessive acquisition of information during simple judgments in individuals with hoarding disorder
Pushkarskaya, H., Stern, E. F., Tolin, D. F., & Pittenger, C. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100505
Self-citationGrützmann, R. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.001
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Associated Disorders
Todd, G., & Branch, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.013
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder
Stamatis, C. A., Roddy, M. K., & Timpano, K. R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.020
Tolin, D. F., Worden, B. L., Wootton, B. M., & Gilliam, C. M. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119159278.refs
Self-citationMüller, A. (2011) · Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie up2date · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1276919
Springer, K. S., Worden, B. L., & Tolin, D. F. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.024
Self-citationde la Cruz, L. F., & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108164313.026
Steketee, G. S., & Bratiotis, C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00183-1
Self-citationالتخزین المفرط وعلاقته باتخاذ القرار فی ضوء الضبط الانفعالی المدرك لدى عینة غیر مرضیة.
جلال, خ. أ. (2023) · مجلة الدراسات النفسیة المعاصرة جامعة بنى سویف · doi:10.21608/bshjo.2022.174947.1035
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Hoarding Disorder
Rasmussen, J. L. (2023) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29368-9_15
Muroff, J. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190068752.013.14
Consumption Attitudes and Behaviors and Consumer Wellbeing
Muncy, J. A., & Iyer, R. (2024) · International series on consumer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59144-0_14
Neuvens, V. (2024) · Cahiers critiques de thérapie familiale et de pratiques de réseaux · doi:10.3917/ctf.072.0149
Aldahadha, B., Dwakat, M. A., & Alnawiseh, M. A. (2024) · Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal · doi:10.25217/0020247525500
Rodríguez, P. A. M., Pines, A., Zhang, X., van Roessel, P., Mukunda, P., McCarthy, E., Williams, L. M., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.04.010
An Examination of the Impact of Hoarding Parent-Adult Child Relationships and Family Functioning
Park, J. M. (2014) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Effectiveness of Thought Stopping in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive and CompulsivePreprint
Aldahadha, B., Shdouh, A., & Alnawiseh, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4277175/v1
Wa, L. T., Lam, S. C., Chung, M. H., & Ho, K. H. M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12127569
Wa, L. T., Lam, S. C., Chung, M. H., & Ho, K. H. M. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12127572
Aldahadha, B. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4259347/v1
Developing a measure of beliefs about items in hoarding disorder (BIHD)
Ragan, K., Tinlin, R., & Lomax, C. L. (2026) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465825101227 · Cited by 1
Pathologisches Horten – ein Überblick zum Störungsbild
Mühlbacher, M., Schennach, R., Birk, R., & Voderholzer, U. (2026) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-026-01983-2
‘It’s messing with my head that I can’t be neat’: storage for permanent supportive housing dwellings
Bollo, C. S. (2026) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2026.2727497
Pathologisches Horten – ein Überblick zum Störungsbild
Mühlbacher, M., Schennach, R., Birk, R., & Voderholzer, U. (2026) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-026-00890-w
Creating a Harm Reduction Plan
Tompkins, M. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1432-6_8
Metadata
- Authors
- Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., Fitch, K. E., & Selbo-Bruns, A.
- Affiliations
- Smith College (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frost, Randy O.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 632-639
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2735347
- OpenAlex
- W1986985901
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 17.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (L30 AA014991)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074934, MH068007, R01MH068008, R21MH068539, R01MH068007)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Keywords
- hoarding disorder, compulsive buying, hoarding severity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression, anxiety, work impairment, age of onset
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review