Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has demonstrated favorable long-term outcomes in youth with anxiety disorders in efficacy trials. However, long-term outcomes of CBT delivered in a community setting are uncertain. This study examined the long-term outcomes of individual (ICBT) and group CBT (GCBT) in youth with anxiety disorders treated in community mental health clinics. A total of 139 youth (mean age at assessment 15.5 years, range 11-21 years) with a principal diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social anxiety disorder (SOP), and/or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were evaluated, on average, 3.9 years post-treatment (range 2.2-5.9 years). Outcomes included loss of all inclusion anxiety diagnoses, loss of the principal anxiety diagnosis and changes in youth- and parent-rated youth anxiety symptoms. At long-term follow-up, there was loss of all inclusion anxiety diagnoses in 53%, loss of the principal anxiety diagnosis in 63% of participants as well as significant reductions in all anxiety symptom measures. No statistical significant differences in outcome were obtained between ICBT and GCBT. Participants with a principal diagnosis of SOP had lower odds for recovery, compared to those with a principal diagnosis of SAD or GAD. In conclusion, outcomes of CBT for youth anxiety disorders delivered in community mental health clinics were improved at nearly 4 years post-treatment, and recovery rates at long-term follow-up were similar to efficacy trials.
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CBT, focusing on exposure to feared cues to promote extinction learning, continues to be the most widely used and most strongly validated psychotherapeutic treatment for both youth and adult anxiety disorders.
“CBT, focusing on exposure to feared cues to promote extinction learning (Craske, Treanor, Conway, Zbozinek, & Vervliet, 2014), continues to be the most widely used and most strongly validated psychotherapeutic treatment for both youth and adult anxiety disorders (Barry, Yeung, & Lau, 2018;Kodal et al., 2018).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Kodal et al., 2018
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References 65 · Cited by 118
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Barrett, P. M. (2005). FRIENDS for life: Group leaders manual for youth. Brisbane: Australian Academic Press.
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User's Guide. (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
- Authors
- Kodal, A., Fjermestad, K., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Öst, L.-G., Bjaastad, J. F., Haugland, B. S. M., Havik, O. E., Heiervang, E., & Wergeland, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Stavanger University Hospital (NO)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Kodal, Arne
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 58-67
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2769445571
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 9.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Western Norway Regional Health Authority (911366, 911253, 911840)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, youth anxiety disorders, long-term outcomes, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, group cognitive behavioral therapy, community mental health centers, recovery rate, post-treatment follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Data Collection, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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