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Moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism measured in vivo across a range of daily activities
Abstract
We measured the moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism as ten healthy young individuals performed six functional activities: level walking, downhill walking, stair ascent, stair descent, open-chain (non-weight-bearing) knee flexion, and open-chain knee extension. The moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism was described by the moment arm of the patellar-tendon force, which acts to rotate the tibia about the instantaneous axis of rotation (screw axis) of the knee. A mobile biplane X-ray imaging system enabled simultaneous measurements of the three-dimensional movements of the femur, tibia and patella during each activity, from which the position and orientation of the screw axis and the patellar-tendon moment arm (PTMA) were determined. Mean PTMA across all activities and all participants remained nearly constant (~46 mm) from 0° to 70° of knee flexion and decreased by no more than 20% at higher flexion angles. The magnitude of the PTMA varied more substantially across individuals than across activities, indicating that the moment arm is more heavily influenced by differences in knee-joint geometry than muscle loading. Hence, PTMA measurements obtained for a given activity performed by one individual may be used with good confidence to describe the PTMA for any other activity performed by the same individual. Caution is advised when using PTMA measurements obtained from one individual to describe the moment arm in another individual even once the data are normalized by knee bone size, as the PTMA varied by as much as 13% from the mean across individuals.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gray, H. A., Guan, S., Thomeer, L. T., & Pandy, M. G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Pandy, Marcus G.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 123
- Pages
- 110484
- ISSN
- 0021-9290 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3157294896
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biomechanics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP190102365)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- screw axis, knee joint geometry, knee flexion, walking, stair climbing, knee flexion and extension, patellar kinematics, interindividual variability
- MeSH terms
- Biomechanical Phenomena, Femur, Humans, Knee Joint, Patella, Range of Motion, Articular, Patellar Ligament
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