The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Assessing the comparative effectiveness of long-acting injectable vs. oral antipsychotic medications in the prevention of relapse provides a case study in comparative effectiveness research in psychiatry.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: As psychopathology and social functioning can worsen with repeated psychotic episodes in schizophrenia, relapse prevention is critical. Because high nonadherence rates limit the efficacy of pharmacotherapy, the use of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics is considered an important treatment option. To date, many studies comparing LAIs and oral antipsychotics have been conducted; however, the results are mixed, and careful interpretation of the data is required. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Selective review of existing literature regarding LAIs. We especially focused the discussion on the impact of the design of studies with different approaches comparing LAIs and oral antipsychotics in preventing relapse. RESULT: The results were diverse and were influenced by the design used, that is, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed LAIs and oral antipsychotics to have similar effects, whereas mirror-image and some large cohort studies showed LAIs to be superior to oral antipsychotics. CONCLUSION: Divergent results from studies using different methodologies create a dilemma for comparative effectiveness research, and LAI studies may serve as an example of a situation in which a conventional RCT is not the gold standard. Traditional RCTs generally increase adherence compared with clinical practice and, therefore, might not be well suited to detect differences between LAIs and oral medications, because any increase in adherence affects patients on oral medications more than those on LAIs and thus leads to an underestimation of any potential difference in effectiveness. A possible solution would be the implementation of a true effectiveness trial in which post-randomization involvement would be kept to a minimum to better reflect routine practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although RCTs can provide the highest level of evidence, this design may selectively recruit participants who are more adherent to treatment than general patient populations.16”
From Effect of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics vs Usual Care on Time to First Hospitalization in Early-Phase Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra050100 · Cited by 7,974
The Expert Consensus Guideline Series
Velligan, D. I., Weiden, P. J., Sajatovic, M., Scott, J. L., Carpenter, D., Ross, R., & Docherty, J. P. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.7090su1cj · Cited by 692
Velligan, D. I., Weiden, P. J., Sajatovic, M., Scott, J. L., Carpenter, D., Ross, R., & Docherty, J. P. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 625
Tiihonen, J., Haukka, J., Taylor, M., Haddad, P. M., Patel, M. X., & Korhonen, P. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081224 · Cited by 619
Leucht, S., Hierl, S., Kissling, W., Dold, M., & Davis, J. M. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096594 · Cited by 451 · cited 1×
“These effects are as dramatic as those of many other widely accepted treatments in general medicine [1].”
BackgroundLeucht, C., Heres, S., Kane, J. M., Kissling, W., Davis, J. M., & Leucht, S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.020 · Cited by 424
Self-citationTiihonen, J., Wahlbeck, K., Lönnqvist, J. K., Klaukka, T., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Volavka, J., & Haukka, J. K. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38881.382755.2f · Cited by 389
Long-Acting Risperidone and Oral Antipsychotics in Unstable Schizophrenia
Rosenheck, R. A., Krystal, J. H., Lew, R., Barnett, P. G., Fiore, L. D., Valley, D., Thwin, S. S., Vertrees, J. E., & Liang, M. H. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1005987 · Cited by 213
Partial Compliance and Patient Consequences in Schizophrenia
Keith, S. J., & Kane, J. M. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n1105 · Cited by 201
Self-citationByerly, M., Fisher, R., Whatley, K., Holland, R., Varghese, F. P., Carmody, T. J., Magouirk, B., & Rush, A. J. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.11.002 · Cited by 181
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–131 of 131
Kim, H.-S., Ryu, C. H., Lee, M., Lee, K., & Kim, J. H. (2024) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-024-02890-1 · Cited by 4
Machin, A., & McCarthy, L. (2017) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.115.053009 · Cited by 4
Correll, C. U., Mafi, C. E., Fagiolini, A. M., Seerden, P., Seifritz, E., Tiihonen, J., Vita, A., & Citrome, L. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s539306 · Cited by 4
Self-citationCorrell, C. U., Rohner, H., Dimalta, S., Göldner, R. S., Assion, H., Langner-Timm, S., Sande, C. N., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Bioque, M., Gahr, M., et al. (2026) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2026.2628198 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAntipsychotika-Depotbehandlung im Wandel der Zeit
Knecht, G., Kuhn, J., Spittler, S., & Roll, S. (2016) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1616350 · Cited by 3
Nursing Advocacy and Long Acting Injectables to Reduce High Readmission Rates: Quality Initiative
Vonderhaar, B., & Snyder, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390319865333 · Cited by 3
Pippal, N., Halder, S., Srivastava, S., Kar, R., Gupta, R., & Almeida, E. A. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1994613 · Cited by 3
Schizophrenia and Suicide: Treatment Optimization
Agarwal, G., Pirigyi, M., & Meltzer, H. Y. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-014-0012-7 · Cited by 3
Practical guidelines for the use of long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics
Jarema, M., Wichniak, A., Dudek, D., Samochowiec, J., & RYBAKOWSKI, J. K. (2015) · Cited by 3
Berna, F. S., Göritz, A. S., Behr, G., & Moritz, S. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109798 · Cited by 3
Wagner, E. M., Katyal, S., Lee, I. O., Tasnim, S., Wadia, H. E., Mortazavi, M., García-Carmona, J. A., Hasan, A., Colman, I., Taipale, H. T., et al. (2026) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251412576 · Cited by 3
Self-citationAbdel‐Baki, A., Poulin, É., Medrano, S., Padilha, P. P. D. O., Stip, É., & Potvin, S. (2022) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2022.2079531 · Cited by 2
Aripiprazole injectable à libération prolongée dans le traitement de maintenance de la schizophrénie
Samalin, L., Charpeaud, T., & Llorca, P. (2014) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2014.09.002 · Cited by 2
Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics
Freudenreich, O. (2019) · Psychotic Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29450-2_18
Étude coût-efficacité du pamoate d’olanzapine : analyse en miroir sur un an
Potaufeu, J., Langrée, B., Drapier, D., Burgot, G., & Marie, N. (2018) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2018.11.003 · Cited by 2
Aguilar, M., & Malcolm, B. (2019) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2019.07.258 · Cited by 2
Hospitalizations and emergency room visits after initiation of long-acting injectable antipsychotics
Heesch, C. B., Moore, T. A., Gutierrez, C., & Lee, S. (2016) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.05.134 · Cited by 1
Brugnoli, R., Rapinesi, C., Kotzalidis, G. D., Marcellusi, A., Mennini, F. S., Filippis, S. D., Carrus, D., Ballerini, A., Francomano, A., Ducci, G., et al. (2016)
Durand, D., Harvey, P. D., & Cáceda, R. (2017) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000176
Desai, M. A., Wooller, A., Lignugaris, A., & Gopal, S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001319
Rubio, J. M., & Correll, C. U. (2018) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2018-300003
Self-citationQuality of life of schizophrenic patients with or without depot neuroleptics
Simić-Medojević, I., & Burgić-Radmanović, M. (2015) · Scripta Medica · doi:10.5937/scrimed1501060s
Srinivasaragavan, S., Poornachandrika, P., & Raghavan, V. (2019) · INDIAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES · doi:10.32746/10.32746/ijmhns.2019.v2.i2.28
Should Antipsychotic Polypharmacy Be Used for Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses?
Siu, J. T. P., & Yee, A. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v74i2.3103
Adamus, C., Zürcher, S. J., & Richter, D. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5cfwt
Rosenheck, R., Anand, S. T., Kurtz, S. G., Hau, C., Smedberg, D., Pontzer, J. F., Ferguson, R. E., & Davis, C. R. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07094-6
Breakthrough Psychosis and Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics
Joo, E.-J., Lee, K. Y., Jeong, S. H., & Kim, Y. S. (2023) · Korean Journal of Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.16946/kjsr.2023.26.1.1
Reznik, A. M., Karpenko, O., Shumakova, E. A., Mudrak, A. V., M, A. V. K. T. C. G., Nazimova, S. V., Sayfulina, A. M., Eliseenko, A. M., Matvievskaya, T. K., Khannanova, A. N., et al. (2024) · Consortium Psychiatricum · doi:10.17816/cp15567
Mishra, A., Mishra, B. R., Mohapatra, D., Srinivasan, A., Maiti, R., & Hota, D. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04586-x
Osugo, M., & Howes, O. D. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbag017
Suicide in schizophrenia: a comprehensive narrative review of risk factors and prevention strategies
Touhami, Y. O. H., Layoussifi, E., & Benjelloun, R. (2026) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-026-00672-9
Metadata
- Authors
- Kane, J. M., Kishimoto, T., & Correll, C. U.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kane, John M.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- S37-S41
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3742035
- OpenAlex
- W2012479321
- Semantic Scholar
- 953666f6c829e3913f6fe5f7aced501c8c2e2dc1
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 9.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH074543, P30MH060575, P30MH090590)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- long-acting injectable antipsychotics, oral antipsychotics, relapse prevention, schizophrenia, medication adherence, randomized controlled trials, mirror-image study, cohort studies, comparative effectiveness research
- MeSH terms
- Assessment of Medication Adherence, Delayed-Action Preparations, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Psychiatry, Research Design, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Cohort Studies, Bias, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Drug Monitoring, Patient Selection, Medication Adherence, Secondary Prevention, Comparative Effectiveness Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
