Cited by 612Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies

Open access

Viechtbauer, Wolfgang, Smits, Luc, Kotz, Daniel, Budé, Luc, Spigt, Mark, Serroyen, Jan, Crutzen, Rik·2015·Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

One of the goals of a pilot study is to identify unforeseen problems, such as ambiguous inclusion or exclusion criteria or misinterpretations of questionnaire items. Although sample size calculation methods for pilot studies have been proposed, none of them are directed at the goal of problem detection. In this article, we present a simple formula to calculate the sample size needed to be able to identify, with a chosen level of confidence, problems that may arise with a given probability. If a problem exists with 5% probability in a potential study participant, the problem will almost certainly be identified (with 95% confidence) in a pilot study including 59 participants.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014

Cites

15 of 15 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how
Thabane, L., Ma, J., Chu, R., Cheng, J., Ismaila, A., Rios, L. P., Robson, R., Thabane, M., Giangregorio, L., & Goldsmith, C. H. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-1 · Cited by 3,384
Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study
Julious, S. A. (2005) · Pharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1002/pst.185 · Cited by 3,068
Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies
Hertzog, M. A. (2008) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20247 · Cited by 2,337
What is a pilot or feasibility study? A review of current practice and editorial policy
Arain, M., Campbell, M. J., Cooper, C. L., & Lancaster, G. A. (2010) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-67 · Cited by 1,483
If nothing goes wrong, is everything all right? Interpreting zero numerators
Hanley, J. A. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.249.13.1743 · Cited by 1,215
If Nothing Goes Wrong, Is Everything All Right?
Hanley, J. A. (1983) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330370053031 · Cited by 1,052
The size of a pilot study for a clinical trial should be calculated in relation to considerations of precision and efficiency
Sim, J., & Lewis, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.07.011 · Cited by 1,036
Initial Scale Development: Sample Size for Pilot Studies
Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164409355692 · Cited by 1,012 · cited 2×
“These considerations have led to various guidelines for choosing an appropriate sample size for a pilot study, such as 12 participants per group [3], values in the range of 10 to 40 participants per group depending on the parameter of interest [4,5], at least 9% of the main trial’s sample size [6], or at least 50 part…”
Background
On the use of a pilot sample for sample size determination
Browne, R. H. (1995) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780141709 · Cited by 1,007
. Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposals.
Kraemer, H. C., Mintz, J., Noda, A., Tinklenberg, J., & Yesavage, J. A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.484 · Cited by 702 · cited 2×
“smaller scale can help to identify unforeseen problems that could compromise the quality or flow of the study [2].”
Background

Show all 15 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

1976, Long-term holding of laboratory rodents, ILAR News, 19, 1

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 612

Pentoxifylline Effects on Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Cytokine Storm Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Sarhan, R. M., Altyar, A. E., Warda, A. E. A., Saied, Y. M., Ghareeb, H. S., Schaalan, M. F., Fathy, S., Sarhan, N. M., & Boshra, M. S. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16040631 · Cited by 8
PartnerCARE—a psycho-oncological online intervention for partners of patients with cancer: study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial
Bodschwinna, D., Lorenz, I., Bauereiß, N., Gündel, H., Baumeister, H., & Hoenig, K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035599 · Cited by 8
Rationale and Design of Assessing the Effectiveness of Short-Term Low-Dose Lithium Therapy in Averting Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled Pilot Trial
Sharif, S., Chen, B., Brewster, P. S., Chen, T., Dworkin, L. D., & Gong, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.639402 · Cited by 8
An internet-based treatment for flying phobia using 360° images: A feasibility pilot study
Mor, S., Botella, C., Campos, D., Carlbring, P., Tur, C., & Quero, S. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100510 · Cited by 7
Readiness for transformation towards smart sustainable city models: residents’ perspective
Alkhalifa, F. (2024) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-05-2024-0178 · Cited by 9
Methodological challenges in pilot trials of herbal medicine: barriers to evidence-based practice
Li, Y., Xu, Z., Du, P., Gao, J., Wang, S., Pang, X., Ren, C., Liu, Y., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2025.111754 · Cited by 7
Behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy for smokeless tobacco cessation: protocol for a pilot randomised-controlled multi-country trial
Siddiqui, F., Bauld, L., Croucher, R., Jackson, C., Kellar, I., Kanaan, M. N., Pokhrel, S., Huque, R., Iqbal, R., Khan, J. A., et al. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01146-5 · Cited by 7
Assessment of community pharmacists’ knowledge of the differences between generic drugs and biosimilars: A pilot cross-sectional study
Awada, S., Sayah, R., Mansour, M., Nabhane, C., & Hatem, G. (2023) · The Journal of Medicine Access · doi:10.1177/27550834231167049 · Cited by 7
Effects of sulphur thermal water inhalations in long-COVID syndrome: Spa-centred, double-blinded, randomised case–control pilot study
Crucianelli, S., Mariano, A., Valeriani, F., Cocomello, N., Gianfranceschi, G., Conrado, A. B., Moretti, F., d’Abusco, A. S., Mennuni, G. F., Fraioli, A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.clinme.2024.100251 · Cited by 9
Pressure distribution under the contralateral limb in Charcot arthropathy with different walking speeds
Motawea, M. M., El-Nahas, M., & Armstrong, D. G. (2019) · The Foot · doi:10.1016/j.foot.2019.01.008 · Cited by 7
Innovation of EUS-guided transmural gallbladder drainage using a novel self-expanding metal stent
Huh, G., Choi, J. H., Lee, S. H., Paik, W. H., Ryu, J. K., Kim, Y., Jeong, S. W., Lee, D. H., Kim, G. H., & Kang, S. G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67374-y · Cited by 7
Content validity and test–retest reliability with principal component analysis of the translated Malay four-item version of Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire
Ghazali, F. B., Ramlee, S. N. S., Alwi, N., & Hizan, H. M. (2020) · Journal of Health Research · doi:10.1108/jhr-11-2019-0269 · Cited by 7
Bayesian design and analysis of external pilot trials for complex interventions.
Wilson, D. T., Wason, J. M. S., Brown, J. M., Farrin, A. J., & Walwyn, R. E. A. (2019) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · doi:10.17863/cam.69622 · Cited by 7
SYMPERHEART: an intervention to support symptom perception in persons with heart failure and their informal caregiver: a feasibility quasi-experimental study protocol
Santos, G. C., Liljeroos, M., Hullin, R., Denhaerynck, K., Wicht, J., Jurgens, C. Y., & Schäfer‐Keller, P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052208 · Cited by 7
Interplay Between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Lipid Profile: A Comparative Survey Between Day-Time Healthcare and Non-healthcare Female Workers
Lorenzo, L. D., Vimercati, L., Pipoli, A., Manghisi, N. M., Lampignano, L., Caputi, A., Maria, L. D., Zupo, R., & Pergola, G. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.649760 · Cited by 7
Peripheral venous catheter colonization after skin disinfection with 0.5% aqueous sodium hypochlorite, preceded or not by one application of 70% ethanol (DACLEAN): a single-centre, randomized, open-label, pilot study
Drugeon, B., Pichon, M., Marjanovic, N. S., Mousse, S., Seguin, S., Raynaud, C., Rahoui, A., Frasca, D., Mimoz, O., & Guénézan, J. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2021.11.012 · Cited by 7
Feasibility of a protocol for deprescribing antihypertensive medication in older patients in Dutch general practices
Hassan, D., Versmissen, J., Hek, K., van Dijk, L., & van den Bemt, P. M. L. A. (2022) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01894-6 · Cited by 7
Serum caveolin-1 levels in patients with preeclampsia
Çift, T., Mathyk, B. A., Çetin, B. A., Erenel, H., Tüten, A., Bulut, B., Yılmaz, N., Ekmekçi, H., & Gezer, A. (2018) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1500539 · Cited by 7
An Internet-based treatment for Flying Phobia using 360° images: Study protocol for a feasibility pilot study
Mor, S., Botella, C., Campos, D., Tur, C., Castilla, D., Soler, C., & Quero, S. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100387 · Cited by 6
Enhancing Men’s Awareness of Testicular Diseases (E-MAT) using virtual reality: A randomised pilot feasibility study and mixed method process evaluation
Saab, M. M., McCarthy, M. J., Davoren, M. P., Shiely, F., Harrington, J. M., Shorter, G. W., Murphy, D., O’Mahony, B., Cooke, E., Murphy, A., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307426 · Cited by 7
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunity among healthcare professionals and pregnant women in the Moscow region, Russian federation: A preliminary cross-sectional study
Basov, A. A., Zhernov, Y. V., Kashutina, M. I., Kashkovskaya, N. N., Kombarova, S. Y., Enilenis, I. I., Severova, L. P., Fadeeva, I. A., Высочанская, С. О., Belova, E. V., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1043707 · Cited by 6
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers
Bustami, N. A., Tan, C. K., Lee, Y. Z., Zaman, R., Ho, Y. B., Aris, A. Z., Sadat, M., & Tan, E. S. S. (2024) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-024-00214-w · Cited by 6
A Joanna Briggs Institute Framework Approach to Shared Decision Making in End‐of‐Life
Glaría, M. G., Martı́n, M., Castillo, C. M. S., & Hernández, M. J. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70041 · Cited by 5
Biocompatibility of Water‐Dispersible Pristine Graphene and Graphene Oxide Using a Close‐to‐Human Animal Model: A Pilot Study on Swine
Nicolussi, P., Pilo, G., Cancedda, M. G., Peng, G., Chau, N. D. Q., la Cadena, A. D., Vanna, R., Samad, Y. A., Ahmed, T., Marcellino, J., et al. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401783 · Cited by 6
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improves cognitive decline by alleviating intradialytic cerebral hypoxia in hemodialysis patients: A fNIRS pilot study
Wang, M.-H., Jin, Y.-J., He, M.-F., Zhou, A.-N., Zhu, M.-L., Lin, F., Li, W., & Jiang, Z.-L. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39841 · Cited by 6
Study protocol of a pilot randomised controlled trial assessing the feasibility and acceptability of RecoverEsupport: a digital health intervention to enhance recovery in women undergoing surgery for breast cancer
Sansalone, E., Zucca, A. C., Duncan, M. J., Morris, O. J., Smith, S. R., Robinson, S., Chenery, R., Moore, H. J., da Silva, P. V., Riley, L., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093869 · Cited by 6
SECUREment bundles to prevent peripheral intravenous catheter failure—the SECURE-PIVC trial: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
Corley, A., Ullman, A. J., Marsh, N. M., Larsen, E. N., Mihala, G., Harris, P. N. A., & Rickard, C. M. (2020) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2020.29.19.s40 · Cited by 6
Prescribing Time in Nature for Human Health and Well-Being: Study Protocol for Tailored Park Prescriptions
Schultz, C. L., Bocarro, J. N., Hipp, J. A., Bennett, G. J., & Floyd, M. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.932533 · Cited by 6
Anxiety levels among Palestinian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
RADWAN, E. S., Radwan, A., Alattar, E., Radwan, W., & Alajez, M. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036221132119 · Cited by 10
A Pilot Study of the AssociationVDRPolymorphisms With Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Chorti, A. G., Achilla, C., Tsalkatidou, D., Moysidis, M., Cheva, A., Chatzikyriakidou, A., & Papavramidis, T. S. (2023) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.13186 · Cited by 6
Feasibility of a physical activity intervention for children and adolescents with anxiety and depression
Kodal, A., Muirhead, F., Reilly, J. J., Wergeland, G. J., Thorsen, P. J. B., Bovim, L. P., & Elgen, I. B. (2024) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-024-01466-8 · Cited by 8
Investigating suicidal behavior among prisoners in the light of the behavioral addiction approach: results of a multicenter cross-sectional study
Pató, I. H., Kresznerits, S., Szekeres, T., Zinner-Gérecz, Á., & Perczel-Forintos, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448711 · Cited by 8
Measuring Type 2 diabetes mellitus knowledge and perceptions of risk in middle-class African Americans
Spears, E. C., Guidry, J. J., & Harvey, I. S. (2017) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyx073 · Cited by 10
Quantification of Airborne Resistant Organisms With Temporal and Spatial Diversity in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study
Asaduzzaman, M., Hossain, M. I., Saha, S. R., Islam, M. R., Ahmed, N., & Islam, M. A. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/14574 · Cited by 6
Dropless penetrating keratoplasty using a subconjunctival dexamethasone implant: safety pilot study
Trone, M. C., Poinard, S., Crouzet, E., Garcin, T., Mentek, M., Forest, F., Matray, M., Thuret, G., & Gain, P. (2021) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319376 · Cited by 6
Home Se-Cure: A Home Care Service for Cancer Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Webber, T. B., Giuliano, S., Patrone, C., Briata, I. M., Franconeri, M., Marceca, F., Magnani, M., Paciolla, F., Provinciali, N., Defferrari, C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010913 · Cited by 6
Quantitative contrast enhanced dual energy CT to predict avascular necrosis: a feasibility study of proximal humerus fractures
Hoover, K. B., Starks, A. O., Robila, V., & Riddle, D. L. (2021) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-021-00717-x · Cited by 6
The Incidence and Magnitude of Cerebral Desaturation in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Cohort Study
Davie, S. N., Mutch, W. A. C., Monterola, M., Fidler, K., & Funk, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0000000000000652 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of a New Personalized Health Dashboard in Preventive Child Health Care: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Weijers, M., FERON, F. J. M., van der Zwet, J., & Bastiaenen, C. H. G. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/21942 · Cited by 6
Effects of Oculomotor Scanning on Agility Performance: Gender and a Type of Team Sport Comparison
Popowczak, M., & Zwierko, T. (2025) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/196002 · Cited by 5
Feasibility of unsupervised, home-based leg heat therapy in older adults: a pilot, sham-controlled trial
Ro, B., Castanhas, L. G., Crenshaw, F., Janczy, A. M., Swift, P., Song, Q., Zhou, X., Parker, J. G., & Roseguini, B. T. (2025) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00285.2025 · Cited by 5
Surgical site, gender, and place of residence influence the time to resume driving after total joint arthroplasty
Lazar, T.-A., Edelmann, M., Awiszus, F., & Lohmann, C. H. (2021) · Archives of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1186/s40945-021-00111-4 · Cited by 5
The safety of pericardiocentesis in patients under antithrombotic therapy: A single-center experience
Zhu, Y., Zhang, C., Xie, Y., Sasmita, B. R., Xiang, Z., Jiang, Y., Gong, M., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Luo, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.1013979 · Cited by 5
Retirement Village Design Features: Generation X’s Expectation
Bohari, A. A. M., Julaihi, F. A., Kipli, K., Azman, M. A., Amirul, S. R., & Hu, X. (2024) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.32.2.15 · Cited by 5
Enhancing Quadruple Health Outcomes After Thoracic Surgery: Feasibility Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Using Digital Home Monitoring
Nagappa, M., Subramani, Y., Yang, H., Wood, N. M., Querney, J., Fochesato, L.-A., Nguyen, D., Fatima, N., Martin, J. E., John‐Baptiste, A., et al. (2025) · JMIR Perioperative Medicine · doi:10.2196/58998 · Cited by 5
Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of a culturally adapted nonspecialist delivery Problem-Solving Therapy: Friendship Bench Intervention for perinatal psychological distress in Sierra Leone
Bah, A. J., Wurie, H. R., Samai, M. H., Horn, R., & Ager, A. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2025.6 · Cited by 10
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Levels in Early and Late Onset Preeclampsia
Güralp, O., Tüten, N., Öncül, M., Açıkgöz, A. S., Ekmekçi, H., & Tüten, A. (2019) · Gynecology Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.21613/gorm.2018.918 · Cited by 5
Assessment of Dentist's Perception of the Oral Health Care toward Child with Special Healthcare Needs: A Cross-sectional Study
Hugar, S. M., Gokhale, N., Badakar, C., Soneta, S. P., & Joshi, R. S. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1777 · Cited by 5
Use of a Spinal Traction Device during Work Shift in Assembly Line Workers
Rabal-Pelay, J., Cimarras-Otal, C., Macía-Calvo, M., Laguna-Miranda, C., & Bataller-Cervero, A. V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147708 · Cited by 5
Coordination of Oral Anticoagulant Care at Hospital Discharge (COACHeD): protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Holbrook, A. M., Vidug, K., Yoo, L., Troyan, S., Schulman, S., Douketis, J. D., Thabane, L., Giilck, S., Koubaesh, Y., Hyland, S., et al. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01130-z · Cited by 5
Gait parameters when walking with or without rollator on different surface characteristics: a pilot study among healthy individuals
Hansson, E. E., Akar, Y., Liu, T., Wang, C., & Fänge, A. M. (2022) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-022-06196-9 · Cited by 5
Factors influencing plasma donation behavior of COVID‐19 recovered patients in Bangladesh: A pilot study
Salma, N., Hossain, M. M., Yasmin, S., Alam, M. K., Rimon, A. R., Faruque, J., & Ali, M. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.974 · Cited by 5
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Palestinian Students Toward COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic
RADWAN, E. S., Alattar, E., Radwan, A., Radwan, W., Alajez, M., Pandey, D., & Jebreen, K. (2023) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-023-00344-8 · Cited by 6
Can Smartphone Notifications Help With Gout Management? A Feasibility Study
Emad, Y., Dalbeth, N., Weinman, J. A., Chalder, T., & Petrie, K. J. (2023) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.2023-0711 · Cited by 5
An analysis of the perceptions regarding the traditional versus alternative educational system
Cadis, A., Point, S., Țicău, I. R., & Vavura, N.-M. (2023) · Management & Marketing · doi:10.2478/mmcks-2023-0031 · Cited by 5
Elagolix Represents a Less Invasive and Cheaper Option Than Injectable GnRH Antagonist for Ovulation Suppression in IVF
Mouanness, M., & Merhi, Z. O. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae168 · Cited by 5
Addressing the unmet needs of women with breast cancer in Mexico: a non-randomised pilot study of the digital ePRO intervention
Contreras Sánchez, S. E., Doubova, S. V., Martinez Vega, I. P., Grajales Álvarez, R., Villalobos Valencia, R., Dip Borunda, A. K., Lio Mondragón, L., Martínez Pineda, W. J., Nuñez Cerrillo, J. G., Huerta López, A. D., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087240 · Cited by 6
The “Wear and Tear” of the Organism in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Study Investigating the Effects of Allostatic Load on Heart Rate Variability and Inhibitory Control
Troisi, G., Giacomo, P. D., Forte, G., Langher, V., Casagrande, M., & Paolo, C. D. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14080787 · Cited by 5
Dietary patterns and relative expression levels of PPAR-γ, VEGF-A and HIF-1α genes in benign breast diseases: case–control and consecutive case-series designs
Asemani, S., Montazeri, V., Foroutan-Ghaznavi, M., Pirouzpanah, S.-S., Baradaran, B., Jafari, S., Barzegar, A., Shanehbandi, D., Asadi, N., & Pirouzpanah, S. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520001737 · Cited by 5
Pilot study: The effectiveness of physiotherapy-led screening for patients requiring an orthopedic intervention
Pike, M., Campagna-Wilson, L., Sears, K., Warren, R., LeGAY, D. A., & Trudel, D. (2021) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2020-0060 · Cited by 5
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychosocial Coping Strategies in Health Sciences Students at the University of Seville: A Pilot Study
de Diego‐Cordero, R., Martínez-del-Carmen, C., Sierra, P. B., & Vargas‐Martínez, A. M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9121661 · Cited by 5
Cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in healthy pediatric subjects
Plata, K. S., Cruz, G., & Lezcano, H. (2022) · Radiologia Brasileira · doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2021.0120 · Cited by 5
PAMS - A Personalized Automatic Messaging System for User Engagement with a Digital Diabetes Prevention Program
Rodriguez, D. V., Lawrence, K. S., Luu, S., Chirn, B., González, J., & Mann, D. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi54592.2022.00051 · Cited by 5
Incidence of factor XII deficiency in critically ill patients with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time: a prospective observational study
Mishra, L., Lee, D., & Ho, K. M. (2023) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/mbc.0000000000001235 · Cited by 5
Safety and efficacy of Galgeun-tang-ga-cheongung-sinyi, a herbal formula, for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis
Son, M. J., Kwon, O., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Jung, S. Y., Kim, B.-Y., Kang, J. I., Lee, J., & Lee, D.-H. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011196 · Cited by 5
Social Networking Brand Engagement using Creative Brand Content Experiences
San, K. O., BAKAR, S. A., & Seduram, L. (2020) · International Business Research · doi:10.5539/ibr.v13n4p63 · Cited by 7
A promising novel biomarker for early-onset preeclampsia: soluble trigger receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1)
Turhan, U., & Ertaş, S. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1846706 · Cited by 5
Maternal satisfaction with childbirth and its implications for maternity care quality: A cross-sectional study
Prosen, M., & Ličen, S. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-025-02591-1 · Cited by 4
What provokes consumers to purchase organic food? Examining the moderated-mediation role of relative consumption, perceived awareness and source of interest
Dash, S., Priyadarshini, S., Dulla, N., & Swain, S. C. (2025) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-06-2024-0256 · Cited by 4
Biventricular Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Atrial Sensing but No Atrial Lead: A Prospective Registry of Patients, Complications, and Therapy Responses
Kolb, C., Zima, E., Arnold, M. B., Fedorco, M., Bonnemeier, H., Deneke, T., Schumacher, B. M., Nordbeck, P., Steinwender, C., Storz, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145009 · Cited by 4
The feasibility of gym-based exercise therapy for patients with persistent neck pain
Larsson, J., Westergren, H., Häggman‐Henrikson, B., Ilgunas, A., Wänman, A., & Malmström, E.-M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0085 · Cited by 4
Determining Knowledge and Practice of Self-Foot Care and Adherence of Patient on Self-Foot Assessment among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Saidi, S. B., Jabar, J. A., & Firdaus, M. K. Z. H. (2023) · The Malaysian Journal of Nursing · doi:10.31674/mjn.2023.v14i04.007 · Cited by 4
Study of the correlations between loneliness, disease uncertainty, and perceived social support among elderly patients with digestive tract tumors during treatment
Zheng, D.-N. (2024) · American Journal of Translational Research · doi:10.62347/zhco4693 · Cited by 4
Spiritual care for prevention of psychological disorders in critically ill patients: study protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled pilot trial
Repetto, P. B., Ruíz, C., Rojas, V. A., Olivares, P., Bakker, J., & Alegría, L. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084914 · Cited by 6
Feasibility trial of a self-help digital intervention for functional cognitive disorder
Cabreira, V., Frostholm, L., Stone, J., & Carson, A. J. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf248 · Cited by 4
Assessment of an online piloted module targeted toward home‐based food operators in Iowa
Temen, T., Cherrez, N. V. J., & Coleman, S. (2020) · Journal of Food Science Education · doi:10.1111/1541-4329.12196 · Cited by 4
High Carbohydrate Diet Is Associated with Severe Clinical Indicators, but Not with Nutrition Knowledge Score in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Borsi, E., Șerban, C. L., Potre, C., Potre, O., Putnoky, S., Samfireag, M., Tudor, R., Ioniță, I., & Ioniţă, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105444 · Cited by 5
Effects of intravenous tranexamic acid on ovarian reserve and intra-operative blood loss during laparoscopic cystectomy of endometriotic cyst: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Akkaranurakkul, P., Lertvikool, S., Hongsakorn, W., Vallibhakara, O., Tantanavipas, S., Paiwattananupant, K., Ittichaikulthol, W., Vongsakulyanon, A., Vallibhakara, S. A.-O., Anantaburana, M., et al. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00907-y · Cited by 4
Intracranial Densitometry-Augmented Machine Learning Enhances the Prognostic Value of Brain CT in Pediatric Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Pilot Study
Kim, Y.-T., Kim, H., Lee, C.-H., Yoon, B. C., Kim, J. B., Choi, Y. H., Cho, W., Oh, B., & Kim, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.750272 · Cited by 6
Mineral and Vitamin Intakes of Latvian Women during Lactation Period
Aumeistere, L., Beluško, A., Ciproviča, I., & Zavadska, D. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11030259 · Cited by 5
Reduction on Proinflammatory Cytokines after Application of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Patients with a Breast Cancer: A Nonrandomized, Open, and Single-Arm Study Protocol with Paired Analysis
Almeida, T. C. D. C., Zatta, S. M., Paiva, L. D. S., de Carvalho, L. E. D., Schoueri, J., de Abreu, L. D., Fonseca, F., & Adami, F. (2022) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2022/1350813 · Cited by 3
Impact of a surgical ward breakfast buffet on nutritional intake in postoperative patients: A prospective cohort pilot study
Musters, S. C. W., van Noort, H. H. J., Bakker, C. A., Degenhart, I., van Dieren, S., Geelen, S. J. G., van der Lee, M., Smith, R., Maaskant, J. M., Bemelman, W. A., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267087 · Cited by 4
Exploring Items for Measuring Behavioural Intention among Bleisure in Malaysia: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
Sohaili, N. L. M., Aminudin, N., & Amir, A. F. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i11/15164 · Cited by 4
Comparative Evaluation of Sildenafil Citrate and Estrogen as an Adjuvant Therapy for Treatment of Unexplained Infertility in Women
Altyar, A. E., Boshra, M. S., Warda, A. E. A., Shawkey, S. M., Salem, S. A. M., Sarhan, R. M., & Sarhan, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13050842 · Cited by 4
Pricing model, engagement model and firm performance: evidence from Indian data science industry
Jhamb, D., Kaur, S., Pandey, S., & Mittal, A. (2023) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-09-2022-0566 · Cited by 4
Developing Climate Change and Health Impact Monitoring with eHealth at the South East Asia Community Observatory and Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Malaysia (CHIMES)
Barteit, S., Colmar, D., Nellis, S., Thu, M., Watterson, J., Gouwanda, D., Bärnighausen, T., & Su, T. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1153149 · Cited by 7
Validación de instrumento sobre exposición a discursos de odio de comunidades migrantes en el ecosistema mediático chileno: resultados preliminares
Sibrian, N., Alfaro, A., & Núñez, J. C. (2024) · Revista Latina de Comunicación Social · doi:10.4185/rlcs-2024-2226 · Cited by 4
PERSONAL: Feasibility Study Protocol for Placebo-Controlled, Randomized n-of-1 Trials of Tamsulosin for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Bauer, S. R., Breyer, B. N., Oni‐Orisan, A., Steinman, M. A., Sim, I., McCulloch, C. E., & Kenfield, S. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2020.00007 · Cited by 4
Design and development of critical thinking learning strategy in integral calculus
Shida, N., Abdullah, A. H., Osman, S. B., & Ismail, N. B. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v12i1.23779 · Cited by 4
Comparative Assessment of Conventional Composites and Coloured Compomers in Permanent Molars of Children with Mixed Dentition: A Pilot Study
Hugar, S. M. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/25596.10083 · Cited by 4
Project Coordinate: Impact of Content-Focused Lesson Study on Teacher Knowledge, Collaboration, and MTSS Instruction
Benedict, A. E., Brownell, M. T., Sohn, H., Williams, J., Kelcey, B., & Kosiarski, G. (2024) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/08884064241298261 · Cited by 3
Using Vignette-Based Methodology to Examine Study Recruitment in Older African American Adults: A Methods Paper
Gamboa, C. J., Julion, W. A., Fogg, L., & Bounds, D. T. (2021) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00567-6 · Cited by 4
Examining D-dimer and Empiric Anti-coagulation in COVID-19-Related Thrombosis
Johnson, S., Pai, E., Voroba, A., Chen, N., & Bahl, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26883 · Cited by 3
Development and validation of an International Patient’s Attitudes to Prevention in Oral Health Questionnaire
Csikar, J. I., Leggett, H., Vinall‐Collier, K. A., Whelton, H. P., Pavitt, S. H., Kang, J. X., & Douglas, G. V. A. (2022) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12781 · Cited by 3
Childhood trauma among adult patients with mental illness in south-western Uganda: A hospital-based study
Vivalya, B. M. N., Akimana, B., & Ashaba, S. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100208 · Cited by 3
Facial Profile of Young Indian Women from Maharashtra-A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Baghele, O. N., & Math, A. A. (2023) · Indian Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_594_22 · Cited by 3
The Influence of Platelet-Rich Fibrin on the Healing of Bone Defects after Harvesting Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone Grafts
Milovanović, D., Vukman, P., Gavrilović, D., Begović, N. N., Stijak, L., Sreckovic, S. D., & Kadija, M. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60010154 · Cited by 3
A multiple technology-based and individually-tailored Sit Less program for people with cardiovascular disease: A randomized controlled trial study protocol
Park, C., Larsen, B. A., Mogos, M. F., Muchira, J. M., Dietrich, M. S., LaNoue, M. D., Jean, J., Norfleet, J., Doyle, A., Ahn, S., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302582 · Cited by 3
Effect of a Smoking Cessation Education Program on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Efficacy of Community Pharmacists in Japan: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Onda, M., Horiguchi, M., Domichi, M., & Sakane, N. (2024) · Tobacco Use Insights · doi:10.1177/1179173x241272362 · Cited by 3
Impact of immigration background on feasibility of electronic patient-reported outcomes in advanced urothelial cancer patients
Yurdakul, O., Alan, A., Krauter, J., Korn, S. M., Gust, K. M., Shariat, S. F., & Hassler, M. R. (2024) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-024-02325-z · Cited by 3

Authors: Viechtbauer, W., Smits, L., Kotz, D., Budé, L., Spigt, M., Serroyen, J., & Crutzen, R.
Affiliations: Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Crutzen, Rik
ORCID: Viechtbauer, Wolfgang
Smits, Luc
Kotz, Daniel
Spigt, Mark
Crutzen, Rik
Venue: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-11
Volume: 68
Issue: 11
Pages: 1375-1379
ISSN: 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.014
OpenAlex: W1763526952
Cited by: 612
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 16.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Lirias (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: sample size determination, pilot study, problem identification, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical power
MeSH terms: Humans, Pilot Projects, Sample Size, Mathematical Concepts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A simple formula for the calculation of sample size in pilot studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks