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A direct passive method for measuring water and contaminant fluxes in porous media
Abstract
This paper introduces a new direct method for measuring water and contaminant fluxes in porous media. The method uses a passive flux meter (PFM), which is essentially a self-contained permeable unit properly sized to fit tightly in a screened well or boring. The meter is designed to accommodate a mixed medium of hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic permeable sorbents, which retain dissolved organic/inorganic contaminants present in the groundwater flowing passively through the meter. The contaminant mass intercepted and retained on the sorbent is used to quantify cumulative contaminant mass flux. The sorptive matrix is also impregnated with known amounts of one or more water soluble 'resident tracers'. These tracers are displaced from the sorbent at rates proportional to the groundwater flux; hence, in the current meter design, the resident tracers are used to quantify cumulative groundwater flux. Theory is presented and quantitative tools are developed to interpret the water flux from tracers possessing linear and nonlinear elution profiles. The same theory is extended to derive functional relationships useful for quantifying cumulative contaminant mass flux. To validate theory and demonstrate the passive flux meter, results of multiple box-aquifer experiments are presented and discussed. From these experiments, it is seen that accurate water flux measurements are obtained when the tracer used in calculations resides in the meter at levels representing 20 to 70 percent of the init…
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GAC may be suitable for measuring PFAS fluxes.
“suggesting that GAC may be suitable for measuring PFAS fluxes.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Hatfield et al., 2004
Passive flux meters (PFMs) provide direct composite measurements of Darcy flux and groundwater-chemistry mass flux that can be used to calculate chemistry mass discharge.
“Passive flux meters (PFMs) directly measure groundwater chemistry mass flux and Darcy flux, providing insight into contaminant source-zone architecture and transport properties.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Hatfield et al., 2004
PFM fluxes measured using GAC were within 5% of known 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol fluxes during benchtop experiments and within 30% of known trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene fluxes during field testing.
“PFM fluxes measured using GAC were within 5 % of known 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol fluxes during benchtop experiments (Hatfield et al., 2004) and within 30 % of known trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene fluxes during field testing (Annable et al., 2005).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) mass flux and mass balance at an aqueous film-forming foam release site in semiarid eastern New Mexico, USA (2025) · cites this paper as Hatfield et al., 2004
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References 23 · Cited by 172
Research works printed but not linked: 18
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hatfield, K., Annable, M., Cho, J., Rao, P. S. C., & Klammler, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hatfield, Kirk
- Venue
- Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 155-181
- ISSN
- 0169-7722 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2012651057
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 17.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Contaminant Hydrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Groundwater flow and contamination studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Keywords
- contaminant mass flux, porous media, groundwater contamination
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Environmental Monitoring, Fresh Water, Indicators and Reagents, Models, Theoretical, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Reproducibility of Results, Porosity
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