The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cataract surgery and environmental sustainability: Waste and lifecycle assessment of phacoemulsification at a private healthcare facility
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: To measure the waste generation and lifecycle environmental emissions from cataract surgery via phacoemulsification in a recognized resource-efficient setting. SETTING: Two tertiary care centers of the Aravind Eye Care System in southern India. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Manual waste audits, purchasing data, and interviews with Aravind staff were used in a hybrid environmental lifecycle assessment framework to quantify the environmental emissions associated with cataract surgery. Kilograms of solid waste generated and midpoint emissions in a variety of impact categories (eg, kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents). RESULTS: Aravind generates 250 grams of waste per phacoemulsification and nearly 6 kilograms of carbon dioxide-equivalents in greenhouse gases. This is approximately 5% of the United Kingdom's phaco carbon footprint with comparable outcomes. A majority of Aravind's lifecycle environmental emissions occur in the sterilization process of reusable instruments because their surgical system uses largely reusable instruments and materials. Electricity use in the operating room and the Central Sterile Services Department (CSSD) accounts for 10% to 25% of most environmental emissions. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical systems in most developed countries and, in particular their use of materials, are unsustainable. Results show that ophthalmologists and other medical specialists can reduce material use and emissions in medical procedures using the system described here.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“By contrast, four studies (7,27,33,34) found procurement to be the largest hotspot”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“with three (7,33,34) specifically identifying single-use items to be largest contributors, responsible for up to 78% of the carbon footprint”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Five studies used a hybrid approach, using both EEIO and process-based methodologies, of which three termed this an 'economic-' or 'environment input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA)' (7,33,34) and one a 'component analysis study'.(27)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and b) procurement of consumables, (27,34)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Allocation methods were explicitly stated by four studies.(7,31,33,34)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three studies used primary process activity data only, (26,31,35) one used secondary financial activity data only (32) and all others used a mixture of data types (Supplementary Table 3).(7,27,33,34)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and two (7,34) reported limited numerical data, with some sub-process results presented as descriptive or graphical data.”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This review found that the carbon footprint of a single operation ranged from 6 (for cataract surgery in India) (34) to 814 kg CO2e, (for a robotic hysterectomy in the US),( 7)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Three studies performed scenario uncertainty tests to model the uncertainty due to methodological assumptions”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“two (31,34) finding this affected results minimally”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“whilst Thiel et al. estimated this to be 6kg CO2e in India.(34)”
From The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Managing the health effects of climate change
Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., Ball, S., Bell, S., Bellamy, R., Friel, S., Groce, N., Johnson, A., Kett, M., et al. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60935-1 · Cited by 3,102
Climate change and human health: present and future risks
McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., & Hales, S. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079-3 · Cited by 2,585
Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis
Bourne, R., Stevens, G. A., White, R. A., Smith, J. L., Flaxman, S. R., Price, H., Jonas, J. B., Keeffe, J. E., Leasher, J. L., Naidoo, K. S., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70113-x · Cited by 1,882
Environmental impacts of the U.S. health care system and effects on public health
Eckelman, M. J., & Sherman, J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157014 · Cited by 1,017
Overview and methodology: Data quality guideline for the ecoinvent database version 3
Weidema, B. P., Bauer, C., Hischier, R., Mutel, C., Nemecek, T., Reinhard, J., Vadenbo, C., & Wernet, G. (2013) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 734
Thiel, C. L., Eckelman, M., Guido, R., Huddleston, M., Landis, A. E., Sherman, J., Shrake, S. O., Copley-Woods, N., & Bilec, M. M. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es504719g · Cited by 416
Self-citationThe carbon footprint of cataract surgery
Morris, D. S., Wright, T., Somner, J. E. A., & Connor, A. (2013) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2013.9 · Cited by 238
Implementation of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods. ecoinvent report No. 3, v2.2
Hischier, R., Weidema, B. P., Althaus, H., Bauer, C., Doka, G., Dones, R., Frischknecht, R., Hellweg, S., Humbert, S., Jungbluth, N., et al. (2010) · Cited by 233
Current status of cataract blindness and Vision 2020: The right to sight initiative in India
Murthy, G., Gupta, S., John, N., & Vashist, P. (2008) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/0301-4738.42774 · Cited by 202
Cataract and “Vision 2020—the right to sight” initiative
Foster, A. (2001) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.85.6.635 · Cited by 198
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–266 of 266
Environmental and Financial Cost Savings With Low-Consumption Intravitreal Injection Techniques
Hu, D. J., Pandiri, S., Chaaya, C., Cole, E. D., Grodsky, J. D., Scott, N. L., Berrocal, A. M., Surakiatchanukul, T., Kim, J. E., Chang, D. F., et al. (2025) · Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases · doi:10.1177/24741264251388104 · Cited by 1
Self-citationKıyat, P., Degirmenci, C., Nalçacı, S., & Palamar, M. (2026) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-026-03954-7 · Cited by 1
Sterile Corneal Infiltrates following Cataract Surgery: Case Series
Franch, A., Bini, S., Francescutti, L., Birattari, F., Leon, P. E., Bonamartini, D., Gambato, T., & Altafini, R. (2023) · Case Reports in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1159/000533768 · Cited by 1
Nuss, S. R., Shaye, D. A., Tuyishimire, G., Bukuru, J., Co-PI, Nuss, R. C., & Ncogoza, I. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery Global Health · doi:10.1097/gh9.0000000000000327 · Cited by 1
Ronald, C. W., & Clements, L. (2024) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1210-0.ch016 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Turkish Ophthalmologists’ Opinions on Surgical Waste During Cataract Surgery
Utlu, B., Kozan, B. D., & Erat, Y. E. (2025) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/joph/9972323 · Cited by 1
Evidence-Based Medicine: Contesting the Phaco-Regime
Williams, L. D. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1625-8_8 · Cited by 1
Sustainable surgical practices: A comprehensive approach to reducing environmental impact
McNamee, C., Rakovac, A., & Cawley, D. T. (2023) · The Surgeon · doi:10.1016/j.surge.2023.08.007 · Cited by 1
Pourquoi les anesthésistes-réanimateurs doivent-ils se soucier du changement climatique ?
Muret, J. C., Kelway, C., Abback, P.-S., Belin, M., Bonnet, L., Chandler-Jeanville, S., Couchepin, C., Dubost, C., Hafiani, E. M., Lallemant, F., et al. (2019) · Anesthésie & Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.anrea.2019.11.019 · Cited by 1
Time to make surgery greener: waste reduction in the operating theatre
Winter, G. (2020) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2020.0011 · Cited by 1
Thiel, C. L., Schuman, J. S., & Robin, A. L. (2021) · Ophthalmology Glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ogla.2021.05.001 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDelivering greener surgery; small changes matter
Tripathi, A. K., Al‐Saadi, N., Wall, M., & Garnham, A. (2023) · Journal of Vascular Societies Great Britain and Ireland · doi:10.54522/jvsgbi.2023.099 · Cited by 1
Environmental sustainability in ophthalmology
Capuano, V. (2024) · AboutOpen · doi:10.33393/ao.2024.2690 · Cited by 1
Regulatory Paradoxes and Unnecessary Waste
Chang, D. F. (2026) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2025.12.023 · Cited by 1
Less might be more: are disposable gloves and gowns necessary for cataract surgery?
Grzybowski, A. E., & Kanclerz, P. (2018) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13837
Surgical waste generated in phacoemulsification versus manual small-incision cataract surgeryPreprint
Zhu, C. Q., & LaMattina, K. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1913337/v1
Environmental Sustainability and Perioperative Quality Improvement
Johnson, E., & Cloyd, B. H. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-83399-8.00061-2
Positionspapier und Handlungsempfehlungen für eine ökologisch nachhaltige Augenheilkunde
(DOG), D. O. G., & (BVA), B. D. A. D. E. V. (2023) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2015-1562
Systematische Übersicht zur experimentellen Linsenchirurgie
Wertheimer, C. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62458-6_70
Systemic Overview of Experimental Lens Surgery
Wertheimer, C. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05394-8_80
Suvannachart, P., Rujkorakarn, P., Watha, T., & Srihatrai, P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295517
Lemarchand, B. (2024) · Journal de Traumatologie du Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jts.2024.02.002
Using Resources from India to Increase Productivity to Impact Global Health
Keerthana, K., Subramanian, B., Khanna, R., Sundaram, N., Jain, A., & Raman, R. (2024) · Essentials in ophthalmology/Essentials ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4436-1_20
Strategic Management and Planning in Healthcare Settings
Kumar, P., & Udayai, K. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5523-7.ch001
Dupps, W. J. (2024) · Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery · doi:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001541
Impacto ambiental de un programa de telescreening de retinopatía diabética en Argentina
Ortíz-Basso, T., Ricard, M. F., Córdoba, M. S., & Paladini, A. (2024) · Oftalmología clínica y experimental. · doi:10.70313/2718.7446.v17.n01.288
Building bridges, filling gaps
Kohnen, T. (2024) · Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery · doi:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001589
Klimawandel – eine vielseitige Herausforderung für die Augenheilkunde
Roth, M., & Geerling, G. (2025) · Die Ophthalmologie · doi:10.1007/s00347-024-02168-5
Développement durable et écoconception des soins en ophtalmologie : revue de la littérature
Roth, Q., Cuglietta, L., & Sauer, A. (2025) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2025.104476
Biomechanical Evaluation of a Spinal Surgical Instrument: A Numerical–Experimental Approach
Ciriello, L., & Villa, T. M. T. (2025) · Biomechanics · doi:10.3390/biomechanics5020026
Martin, C., Ohannessian, C., Ferré, F., Bounes, F. V., Bonnevialle, N., & Minville, V. (2025) · JSES International · doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.04.009
Sustainability and Cataract Surgery
Rao, N. T., & Armenti, S. T. (2025) · Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry · doi:10.1016/j.yaoo.2025.03.007
Goldburg, S. R., Li, L., Schehlein, E. M., Shukla, A. G., & Qiu, M. (2025) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/joph/7188835
Self-citationWayt, I., Cahn, R., Farmer, W., Bonar, E., Zinn, Z. A., & Codrea, V. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2025.09.078
Oculofacial plastic surgeons’ attitudes towards sustainability in surgery
Mudie, L. I., Rachapudi, S. S., Echalier, E. L., Neems, L., Villatoro, G. A., Tooley, A. A., Shriver, E. M., & Yen, M. T. (2025) · Orbit · doi:10.1080/01676830.2025.2585452
Keeping an eye on climate change? Effects on vision health
Singh, G., Singh, D., Rouse, B. T., & Sarangi, P. P. (2025) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-025-00568-6
Mapping the Carbon Footprint Literature of Operating Rooms: A Bibliometric Analysis
Kersu, Ö., & Türe, A. (2025) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1002/wjs.70199
Parra, D., Sherry, B., Pak, E. V., Taylor, L. A., Rogers, E., Hochman, S. E., Cadena, M. D. L. A. R., Schuman, J. S., Prescott, C. R., & Thiel, C. L. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13860-w
Self-citationEco-audit of the Nail Bed Injury Treatment Pathway at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Glynou, S. P., Georgiannakis, A., Sousi, S., Zargaran, A., Ahmed, Z., Cook, H., Zargaran, D., & Mosahebi, A. (2026) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007302
Maga, D., Maga, C. M., Rühl, E., & Hohberger, B. (2026) · Die Ophthalmologie · doi:10.1007/s00347-026-02384-1
Akgün, Z., Biler, E. D., & Palamar, M. (2026) · Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4274/tjo.galenos.2025.55562
Authors’ reply: Reuse of single-use Kahook Dual Blade: Safety and ethics
Sethi, S. S., & Sethi, A. (2026) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_2949_25
Plastics and labor: The case of disposable medical plastics
Pathak, G. (2026) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.70063
Alhilali, S. M., AlBassam, M., & AlOmairini, M. I. (2026) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s592840
Multi-physical approach for the assessment of objective consequences of mitral valve repair
Grinberg, D. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0e14a4b3z59a5z4a9az9784z169a3737b93f
Martín-Moro, J. G., Altares-Mateos, V. J., Zarallo-Gallardo, J., & Pascual-Prieto, J. (2026) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología · doi:10.1016/j.oftal.2026.502550
Martín-Moro, J. G., Altares-Mateos, V. J., Zarallo-Gallardo, J., & Pascual-Prieto, J. (2026) · Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.oftale.2026.502550
Behera, A. P., Malviya, A., Villagómez-Galindo, M., Manjunath, T. C., Maurya, S., Pokkuluri, K. S., Lakkimsetty, N. R., & Sabar, A. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01889-z
Contribution of hospitals and clinical services to global warming: a scoping systematic review
Merino, W., Cárcamo-Fuentes, C., Peña, M., Zalej, B., Rodríguez-García, J., Gottschalk-Cuevas, M. D. L. Á., Rubilar, F., & Martínez‐Zapata, M. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1778269
Lustig, M. J., Friedericy, H. J., van Nieuwenhuizen, K. E., Duijndam, J. M., Borgers, J., Lauche, K., van der Eijk, A. C., & Jansen, F. W. (2026) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000005449
Comparing Global Operating Room Waste Generated From Cataract, Corneal, and Conjunctival Surgeries
Aggarwal, A. I., Henriquez, M. A., Sarnicola, E., Chan, C. C., Trinh, T., Goweida, M. B., Shanbhag, S. S., Ang, M., Quiroz-Casian, N., Izquierdo, L., et al. (2026) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000004226
Lonigro, S., Antwi-Yeboah, Y., Carella, F., dos Reis, T., Thomas, G. P. L., Ching, R., Prisco, L., & Ganau, M. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14131828
Environmental Impact of Cataract Surgery
Zaluski, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98572-0_120
Hu, D. J., Lee, M. J., Wang, E., Duker, J., Janigian, R., Ducharme, J., Migliori, M., & Rizzuto, P. R. (2026) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2026.104932
Wakili, P., Englisch, C. N., Messias, A., Englisch, C. E., Akansu, A., Rickmann, A., Rudolph, C. N., Fröhlich, A. T., Seitz, B., Szurman, P., et al. (2026) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-026-07340-y
Assafiri, Y., Arndt, C., Razlog, E., & Denoyer, A. (2026) · Journal Français d Ophtalmologie · doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2026.104950
Decoding the Human and Organizational Barriers to Decarbonization in Pakistan’s Healthcare System
Rizvi, S. M. S. H., & Zaidi, S. S. Z. (2026) · International Journal of Business and Management Sciences · doi:10.63468/ijbms.7.4.08
Einweg- und Mehrweginstrumente in der Ophthalmochirurgie
Holtmann, C., Schilcher, A. V., & Geerling, G. (2026) · SDG - Forschung, Konzepte, Lösungsansätze zur Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71322-8_9
Geerling, G. (2026) · SDG - Forschung, Konzepte, Lösungsansätze zur Nachhaltigkeit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71322-8_1
Scoping review of cataract surgery sterility: data gaps linking sustainability and clinical impact
Vujadinovic, Z., Al-Ani, A., Rawlyk, B., Moore, R. T., Kryshtalskyj, M. T., Klassen, T., McClurg, C., Gooi, P., Roy, M., & Huang, P. (2026) · Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery · doi:10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000002058
Vegting, B., Rughwani, H., Reddy, D. N., & Siersema, P. D. (2026) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.giec.2026.08.005
Environmental impact of cataract surgery: Responsibility, reduction, and reform
Rengaraj, V., & Chang, D. F. (2026) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_1964_26
Balancing quality care with ecological responsibility: Future directions in green surgery
Grassia, M. G., Mazza, R., Sacco, D., Paesano, S., Stavolo, A., Massa, C., Marino, M., Cataldo, R., Pastena, F. P., & Massa, S. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036261468883
Taylor, M. (2026) · Global Health Economics and Sustainability · doi:10.36922/ghes026270043
Takizawa, Y., Tabuchi, H., Tanabe, M., Kihara, K., Miyoshi, M., Kuriyama, S., Matsumoto, R., Fujiwara, M., Kurimoto, Y., Shimizu, M., et al. (2026) · Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10384-026-01429-x
Pascual-Prieto, J., Burgos‐Blasco, B., Nieto-Gómez, C., Alvarez-Gallego, S., & García-Feijoo, J. (2026) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/11206721261501708
Metadata
- Authors
- Thiel, C. L., Schehlein, E., Ravilla, T., Ravindran, R. D., Robin, A. L., Saeedi, O. J., Schuman, J. S., & Venkatesh, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thiel, Cassandra L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1391-1398
- ISSN
- 0146-2776 (ISSN-L)
- 0886-3350
- PMC
- PMC5728421
- OpenAlex
- W2772246762
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (K23EY025014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Medical Device Sterilization and Disinfection
- Keywords
- cataract surgery, phacoemulsification, surgical waste, environmental sustainability, carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, sterilization, reusable surgical instruments, resource efficiency
- MeSH terms
- Greenhouse Gases, Cataract, Cataract Extraction, United Kingdom, Humans, Lens, Crystalline, Ophthalmology, Phacoemulsification, Carbon Footprint
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
