CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 54HIV-related health complications and treatmentsLipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

Evidence-based review of statin use in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy

Open access
Chastain, Daniel B., Stover, Kayla R., Riche, Daniel M.·2017·Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology
DOI 10.1016/j.jcte.2017.01.004PMC PMC5651339
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: As a result of improved safe and effective therapeutic options for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), life expectancy of those living with HIV is increasing leading to new challenges (e.g., management of chronic diseases). Some chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease [CVD]), are up to two times more prevalent in patients with HIV. Statins are a mainstay of therapy for prevention of CVD; but, clinicians should be aware that not all statins are appropriate for use in the HIV population, especially those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacokinetic and clinical data for statin therapy in HIV-infected patients receiving ART. METHODS: A systematic literature search using PubMed and MEDLINE databases was performed using each statin drug name combined with HIV, pharmacokinetics, AIDS, and/or human immunodeficiency virus. English language trials published from 1946 to November 2016 were considered, and results were limited to clinical efficacy trials. RESULTS: In general, atorvastatin and pravastatin are safe and effective for patients treated with protease-inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based ART. Rosuvastatin is generally considered safe if started at a low dose, but should be avoided if possible in patients receiving PI-based ART. Pitavastatin has limited supporting evidence, but appears safe for use based on its pharmacokinetic properties and low number of drug interactions. Fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin should be avoided in patients receiving ART due to drug interactions, adverse events, and/or limited clinical data. CONCLUSION: Clinicians need to be familiar with the intricacies of statin selection for the prevention of CVD in patients with HIV on ART.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jcte.2017.01.004

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 85

  1. [2]Hall H.I. An Q. Tang T. Song R. Chen M. Green T. Kang J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed HIV infection-United States, 2008–2012 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64 24 2015 657 662 26110835 PMC4584741
  2. [4]Sepkowitz K.A. AIDS–the first 20 years N Engl J Med 344 23 2001 1764 1772 11396444
  3. [5]Marcus JL, Chao C, Leyden W, Xu L, Quesenberry CP, Klein DB, Towner WJ, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ. Narrowing the Gap in Life Expectancy for HIV+ Compared With HIV- Individuals. Abstract 54, Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), Boston, Massachusetts, February 22–25, 2016.
  4. [6]Smit M. Brinkman K. Geerlings S. Smit C. Thyagarajan K. Sighem A.V. ATHENA observational cohort. Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: a modelling study Lancet Infect Dis 15 7 2015 810 818 26070969 PMC4528076
  5. [7]Trickey A. May M.T. Vehreschild J. Obel N. Gill M.J. Crane H. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC). Cause-specific mortality in hiv-positive patients who survived ten years after starting antiretroviral therapy PLoS ONE 11 8 2016 e0160460 27525413 PMC4985160
  6. [8]Chastain D.B. Henderson H. Stover K.R. Epidemiology and management of antiretroviral-associated cardiovascular disease Open AIDS J 9 2015 23 37 25866592 PMC4391206
  7. [9]Triant V.A. Lee H. Hadigan C. Grinspoon S.K. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 7 2007 2506 2512 17456578 PMC2763385
  8. [10]Freiberg M.S. Chang C.C. Kuller L.H. Skanderson M. Lowy E. Kraemer K.L. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction JAMA Intern Med 173 8 2013 614 622 23459863 PMC4766798
  9. [11]Currier J.S. Taylor A. Boyd F. Dezii C.M. Kawabata H. Burtcel B. Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33 4 2003 506 512 12869840
  10. [12]Lorenz M.W. Stephan C. Harmjanz A. Staszewski S. Buehler A. Bickel M. Both long-term HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy are independent risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 196 2 2008 720 726 17275008
  11. [14]Eckard A.R. Meissner E.G. Singh I. McComsey G.A. Cardiovascular disease, statins, and HIV J Infect Dis 214 Suppl 2 2016 S83 S92 27625435 PMC5021243
  12. [16]Mary-Krause M. Cotte L. Simon A. Partisani M. Costagliola D. Clinical Epidemiology Group from the French Hospital Database Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men AIDS 17 17 2003 2479 2486 14600519
  13. [17]Visnegarwala F. Maldonado M. Sajja P. Minihan J.L. Rodriguez-Barradas M.C. Ong O. Lipid lowering effects of statins and fibrates in the management of HIV dyslipidemias associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV clinical practice J Infect Dis 49 2004 283 290 15474625
  14. [18]Hulgan T. Sterling T.R. Daugherty J. Arbogast P.G. Raffanti S. Ray W. Prescribing of contraindicated protease inhibitor and statin combinations among HIV-infected persons J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38 2005 277 282 15735444
  15. [19]Ray G.M. Antiretroviral and statin drug-drug interactions Cardiol Rev 17 2009 44 47 19092370
  16. [20]Singh S. Willig J.H. Mugavero M.J. Crane P.K. Harrington R.D. Knopp R.H. Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of statins among HIV-infected patients Clin Infect Dis 52 2011 387 395 21189273 PMC3106249
  17. [21]Stolbach A. Paziana K. Heverling H. Pham P. A review of the toxicity of hiv medications ii: interactions with drugs and complementary and alternative medicine products J Med Toxicol 11 3 2015 326 341 26036354 PMC4547966
  18. [22]Sirtori C.R. The pharmacology of statins Pharmacol Res 88 2014 3 11 24657242
  19. [23]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(25Pt B):2889–934. 24239923
  20. [24]National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). 3rd Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report Circulation 106 25 2002 3143 3421 12485966
  21. [25]Zanni M.V. Fitch K.V. Feldpausch M. Han A. Lee H. Lu M.T. 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2004 Adult Treatment Panel III cholesterol guidelines applied to HIV-infected patients with/without subclinical high-risk coronary plaque AIDS 28 14 2014 2061 2070 25265074 PMC4405159
  22. [26]Law M.G. Friis-Møller N. El-Sadr W.M. Weber R. Reiss P. D'Arminio Monforte A. The use of the Framingham equation to predict myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients: comparison with observed events in the D:A: D Study HIV Med 7 4 2006 218 230 16630034
  23. [27]Grunfeld C. Delaney J.A. Wanke C. Currier J.S. Scherzer R. Biggs M.L. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study AIDS 23 14 2009 1841 1849 19455012 PMC3156613
  24. [28]Periard D. Cavassini M. Taffé P. Chevalley M. Senn L. Chapuis-Taillard C.de Cohort Study. High prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in HIV-infected persons Clin Infect Dis 46 5 2008 761 767 18230043
  25. [29]Mercié P. Thiébaut R. Aurillac-Lavignolle V. Pellegrin J.L. Yvorra-Vives M.C. Cipriano C. Groupe d'Epidemiologie Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA). Carotid intima-media thickness is slightly increased over time in HIV-1-infected patients HIV Med 6 6 2005 380 387 16268819
  26. [30]Rasmussen L.D. Kronborg G. Larsen C.S. Pedersen C. Gerstoft J. Obel N. Statin therapy and mortality in HIV-infected individuals; a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study PLoS ONE 8 3 2013 e52828 23469159 PMC3587599
  27. [31]Jacobson T.A. Ito M.K. Maki K.C. Orringer C.E. Bays H.E. Jones P.H. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1–full report J Clin Lipidol 9 2 2015 129 169 25911072
  28. [32]Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Jones PH, Kris-Etherton P, Sikand G, La Forge R, Daniels SR, Wilson DP, Morris PB, Wild RA, Grundy SM, Daviglus M, Ferdinand KC, Vijayaraghavan K, Deedwania PC, Aberg JA, Liao KP, McKenney JM, Ross JL, Braun LT, Ito MK, Bays HE, Brown WV, Underberg JA; NLA Expert Panel. National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: Part 2. J Clin Lipidol 2015;9(6 Suppl):S1–122.e1. 26699442
  29. [33]Chong P.H. Seeger J.D. Atorvastatin calcium: an addition to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Pharmacotherapy 17 6 1997 1157 1177 9399600
  30. [34]Myerson M. Malvestutto C. Aberg J.A. Management of lipid disorders in patients living with HIV J Clin Pharmacol 55 9 2015 957 974 25651539
  31. [35]Fichtenbaum C.J. Gerber J.G. Rosenkranz S.L. Segal Y. Aberg J.A. Blaschke T. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047 AIDS 16 4 2002 569 577 11873000
  32. [36]Carr RA, Andre AK, Bertz RJ, Lam W, Chang M, Chen P, Williams L, Bernstein B, Sun E. Concomitant administration of ABT-378/ritonavir (ABT-378/r) results in a clinically important pharmacokinetics (PK) interaction with atorvastatin (ATO) but not pravastatin (PRA). Abstract 1644, 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Toronto, Canada, September 17–20, 2000.
  33. [37]Sherman E.M. Worley M.V. Unger N.R. Gauthier T.P. Schafer J.J. Cobicistat: review of a pharmacokinetic enhancer for HIV infection Clin Ther 37 9 2015 1876 1893 26319088
  34. [39]Murillas J. Martín T. Ramos A. Portero J.L. Atorvastatin for protease inhibitor-related hyperlipidaemia AIDS 13 11 1999 1424 1425 10449305
  35. [40]Palacios R. Santos J. González M. Ruiz J. Valdivielso P. Márquez M. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia associated with antiretroviral therapy J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 30 5 2002 536 537 12154347
  36. [41]Calza L. Manfredi R. Colangeli V. Pocaterra D. Pavoni M. Chiodo F. Rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and atorvastatin for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors Curr HIV Res 6 6 2008 572 578 18991624
  37. [42]Lo J. Lu M.T. Ihenachor E.J. Wei J. Looby S.E. Fitch K.V. Effects of statin therapy on coronary artery plaque volume and high-risk plaque morphology in HIV-infected patients with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet HIV 2 2 2015 e52 e63 26424461 PMC4820828
  38. [44]Ieiri I. Tsunemitsu S. Maeda K. Mechanisms of pharmacokinetic enhancement between ritonavir and saquinavir; micro/small dosing tests using midazolam (CYP3A4), fexofenadine (p-glycoprotein), and pravastatin (OATP1B1) as probe drugs J Clin Pharmacol 53 6 2013 654 661 23381882
  39. [45]Moyle G.J. Buss N.E. Gazzard B.G. Pravastatin does not alter protease inhibitor exposure or virologic efficacy during a 24-week period of therapy J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 30 4 2002 460 462 12138355
  40. [46]Bonnet F. Aurillac-Lavignolle V. Breilh D. Pravastatin in HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a placebo-controlled randomized study HIV Clin Trials 8 1 2007 53 60 17434849
  41. [47]Suttels V. Florence E. Leys J. Vekemans M. Van den Ende J. Vlieghe E. A 68-year old male presenting with rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury following concomitant use of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and pravastatin/fenofibrate: a case report J Med Case Rep 9 2015 190 26347243 PMC4562183
  42. [48]Gerber J.G. Rosenkranz S.L. Fichtenbaum C.J. Effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5108 Study J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 3 2005 307 312 15980690
  43. [49]van Luin M. Colbers A. van Ewijk-Beneken-Kolmer E.W. Drug-drug interactions between raltegravir and pravastatin in healthy volunteers J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 55 2010 82 86 20395869
  44. [50]Baldini F. Di Giambenedetto S. Cingolani A. Murri R. Ammassari A. De Luca A. Efficacy and tolerability of pravastatin for the treatment of HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated hyperlipidaemia: a pilot study AIDS 14 11 2000 1660 1662 10983656
  45. [51]Moyle G.J. Lloyd M. Reynolds B. Baldwin C. Mandalia S. Gazzard B.G. Dietary advice with or without pravastatin for the management of hypercholesterolaemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy AIDS 15 12 2001 1503 1508 11504982
  46. [52]Calza L. Manfredi R. Chiodo F. Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART AIDS 17 6 2003 851 859 12660532
  47. [53]Stein J.H. Merwood M.A. Bellehumeur J.L. Aeschlimann S.E. Korcarz C.E. Underbakke G.L. Effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins and endothelial function in patients receiving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors Am Heart J 147 4 2004 E18 15077088
  48. [54]Hürlimann D. Chenevard R. Ruschitzka F. Flepp M. Enseleit F. Béchir M. Effects of statins on endothelial function and lipid profile in HIV infected persons receiving protease inhibitor-containing anti-retroviral combination therapy: a randomised double blind crossover trial Heart 92 1 2006 110 112 15797933 PMC1860959
  49. [55]Calza L. Manfredi R. Colangeli V. Tampellini L. Sebastiani T. Pocaterra D. Substitution of nevirapine or efavirenz for protease inhibitor versus lipid-lowering therapy for the management of dyslipidaemia AIDS 19 10 2005 1051 1058 15958836
  50. [56]Aberg J.A. Zackin R.A. Brobst S.W. A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of fenofibrate versus pravastatin in HIV-infected subjects with lipid abnormalities: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 5087 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21 9 2005 757 767 16218799
  51. [57]Mallon P.W. Miller J. Kovacic J.C. Kent-Hughes J. Norris R. Samaras K. Effect of pravastatin on body composition and markers of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected men–a randomized, placebo-controlled study AIDS 20 7 2006 1003 1010 16603852
  52. [58]Baker J.V. Huppler Hullsiek K. Prosser R. Duprez D. Grimm R. Tracy R.P. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as adjunct treatment for persons with HIV infection: a feasibility randomized trial PLoS ONE 7 10 2012 e46894 23082133 PMC3474775
  53. [59]Kietsiriroje N. Leelawattana R. Effects of pravastatin, phytosterols, and combination therapy on lipid profile in HIV-infected patients: an open-labelled, randomized cross-over study BMC Res Notes 8 2015 294 26148680 PMC4492082
  54. [60]Grandi A.M. Nicolini E. Rizzi L. Caputo S. Annoni F. Cremona A.M. Dyslipidemia in HIV-positive patients: a randomized, controlled, prospective study on ezetimibe+fenofibrate versus pravastatin monotherapy J Int AIDS Soc 17 2014 19004 25148829 PMC4141938
  55. [62]Chauvin B. Drouot S. Barrail-Tran A. Taburet A.M. Drug-drug interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and antiviral protease inhibitors Clin Pharmacokinet 52 2013 815 831 23703578
  56. [63]Gervasoni C. Riva A. Rizzardini G. Clementi E. Galli M. Cattaneo D. Potential association between rosuvastatin use and high atazanavir trough concentrations in ritonavir-treated HIV-infected patients Antivir Ther 20 4 2015 449 451 25279606
  57. [64]Pham P.A. la Porte C.J.L. Lee L.S. van Heeswijk R. Sabo J.P. Elgadi M.M. Differential effects of tipranavir plus ritonavir on atorvastatin or rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 10 2009 4385 4392 19667285 PMC2764168
  58. [65]Funderburg N.T. Jiang Y. Debanne S.M. Labbato D. Juchnowski S. Rosuvastatin reduces vascular inflammation and T cell and monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 68 4 2015 396 404 25514794 PMC4334694
  59. [66]Aslangul E. Assoumou L. Bittar R. Valantin M.A. Kalmykova O. Peytavin G. Rosuvastatin versus pravastatin in dyslipidemic HIV-1 infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a randomized trial AIDS 24 1 2010 77 83 19838098
  60. [67]Calza L. Colangeli V. Manfredi R. Legnani G. Tampellini L. Procaterra D. Rosuvastatin for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors: a pilot study AIDS 19 2005 1103 1108 15958843
  61. [68]Calza L. Manfredi R. Colangeli V. Trapani F.F. Salvadori C. Magistrelli E. Two-year treatment with rosuvastatin reduces carotid intima-media thickness in HIV type 1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy with asymptomatic atherosclerosis and moderate cardiovascular risk AID Res Hum Retroviruses 29 3 2013 547 556 23098891
  62. [69]Longenecker C.T. Hileman C.O. Funderburg N.T. McComsey G.A. Rosuvastatin preserves renal function and lowers cystatin C in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: the SATURN-HIV trial Clin Infect Dis 59 8 2014 1148 1156 25015912 PMC4271099
  63. [70]Funderburg NT, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Storer N, Labbato D, Clagett B, Robinson J, Lederman MM, McComsey GA. Rosuvastatin treatment reduces markers of monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(4):588-95. PMC3905756 24253250
  64. [71]Erlandson K.M. Jiang Y. Debanne S. McComsey G.A. Effects of randomized rosuvastatin compared to placebo on bone and body composition among HIV-infected adults AIDS 29 2 2015 175 182 25396266 PMC4382350
  65. [72]Eckard A.R. Jiang Y. Debanne S.M. Funderburg N.T. McComsey G.A. Effect of 24 weeks of statin therapy on systemic and vascular inflammation in HIV-infected subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy J Infect Dis 209 2014 1156 1164 24415784 PMC3969551
  66. [73]Dirajlal-Fargo Do S. Kinley B. Jiang Y. Longenecker C.T. Hileman C.O. DeBanne S. Statin therapy decreases NT-proBNP in HIV: randomized placebo-controlled trial AIDS 29 3 2015 313 321 25686680 PMC4405026
  67. [75]Garnett W.R. A review of current clinical findings with fluvastatin Am J Cardiol 78 6A 1996 20 25 8875971
  68. [76]Hsu A. Granneman G.R. Bertz R.J. Ritonavir. Clinical pharmacokinetics and interactions with other anti-HIV agents Clin Pharmacokinet 35 4 1998 275 291 9812178
  69. [77]Long M.C. King J.R. Acosta E.P. Pharmacologic aspects of new antiretroviral drugs Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 6 1 2009 43 50 19149996
  70. [78]Doser N. Kübli S. Telenti A. Marzolini C. Chave J.P. Feihl F. Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic protease inhibitor-treated HIV-infected patients AIDS 16 14 2002 1982 1983 12351967
  71. [79]Benesic A. Zilly M. Kluge F. Weissbrich B. Winzer R. Klinker H. Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir Infection 32 4 2004 229 233 15293079
  72. [81]Gilbert J.M. Fitch K.V. Grinspoon S.K. HIV-related cardiovascular disease, statins, and the REPRIEVE trial Topics Antiviral Med 23 4 2015 146 149 PMC6148918 26713505
  73. [82]Malvestutto C.D. Ma Q. Morse G.D. Underberg J.A. Aberg J.A. Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between pitavastatin and efavirenz or darunavir/ritonavir J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 67 4 2014 390 396 25202920 PMC4404408
  74. [83]Yu C.Y. Campbell S.E. Sponseller C.A. Small D.S. Medlock M.M. Morgan R.E. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and pitavastatin when co-administered to healthy adult volunteers Clin Drug Invest 34 2014 475 482 24825411
  75. [84]Sponseller CA, Kryzhanovski VA, Morgan RE, Campbell SE, Thompson MA, Aberg JA. After 52 weeks, pitavastatin is superior to pravastatin for LDL-C lowering in patients with HIV. CROI 2014 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Abstract 751LB. Boston, MA, USA. March 2014.
  76. [85]Wongprikorn A. Sukasem C. Puangpetch A. Numthavej P. Thakkinstian A. Kiertiburanakul S. Effects of pitavastatin on lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia and receiving atazanavir/ritonavir: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study PLoS ONE 11 6 2016 e0157531 27304841 PMC4909195
  77. [86]Dubé M.P. Stein J.H. Aberg J.A. Fichtenbaum C.J. Gerber J.G. Tashima K.T. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Clin Infect Dis 37 5 2003 613 627 12942391
  78. [87]Hsyu P.H. Schultz-Smith M.D. Lillibridge J.H. Lewis R.H. Kerr B.M. Pharmacokinetic interactions between nelfinavir and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors atorvastatin and simvastatin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 12 2001 3445 3450 11709322 PMC90851
  79. [88]Hare C.B. Vu M.P. Grunfeld C. Lampiris H.W. Simvastatin-nelfinavir interaction implicated in rhabdomyolysis and death Clin Infect Dis 35 10 2002 e111 e112 12410494
  80. [89]Cheng C.H. Miller C. Lowe C. Pearson V.E. Rhabdomyolysis due to probable interaction between simvastatin and ritonavir Am J Health Syst Pharm 59 8 2002 728 730 11977859
  81. [90]Fichtenbaum C.J. Gerber J.G. Interactions between antiretroviral drugs and drugs used for the therapy of the metabolic complications encountered during HIV infection Clin Pharmacokinet 41 14 2002 1195 1211 12405866
  82. [91]Schmidt G.A. Hoehns J.D. Purcell J.L. Friedman R.L. Elhawi Y. Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to concomitant use of simvastatin, amiodarone, and atazanavir J Am Board Fam Med 20 4 2007 411 416 17615423
  83. [92]Rahman A.P. Eaton S.A. Nguyen S.T. Bain A.M. Payne K.D. Bedimo R. Safety and efficacy of simvastatin for the treatment of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving efavirenz-based highly active antiretroviral therapy Pharmacotherapy 28 7 2008 913 919 18576906
  84. [93]Sekhar R.V. Treatment of dyslipidemia in HIV Curr Atheroscler Rep 17 4 2015 493 25702057
  85. [94]Gerber J.G. Kitch D.W. Fichtenbaum C.J. Fish oil and fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: results of ACTG A5186 J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 47 2008 459 466 17971707 PMC2788607

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Chastain, D. B., Stover, K. R., & Riche, D. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Georgia (US)
  • University of Mississippi (US)
Corresponding author
Riche, Daniel M.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-06
Volume
8
Pages
6-14
ISSN
2214-6237 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jcte.2017.01.004
PMC
PMC5651339
OpenAlex
W2591049662
Cited by
54
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3
FWCI
1.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords
statins, HIV, antiretroviral therapy, cardiovascular disease prevention, statin-drug interactions, protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, statin pharmacokinetics, drug safety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review