Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric Vehicles from the Current and Future Energy Mix Perspective
Abstract
Electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in transportation played a significant role in promoting sustainable transportation systems. The overall performance of the electric vehicle is highly dependent on the electricity mix consumed during their production and use phase. Therefore, a comprehensive and dynamic assessment is necessary to provide accurate guidance to users and policymakers. Therefore, this study presents a comparative cradle to grave life cycle analysis of electric vehicles in 10 selected countries using the current and future electricity mix scenarios. We present the environmental footprint of vehicle production, transportation, and use phases. The results revealed that EVs in China with current (2019) and future 2025 electricity mix scenarios had a higher impact than all other EVs. In contrast, EV with 2030 Norway electricity mix was an optimal choice and has the least environmental impact in most of the selected categories. Moreover, it was also found that all EVs with 2030 electricity mix had lower environmental damages than EV 2019 electricity mix. Besides, this study outcome indicated that the use of clean energy could help to decrease the environmental impact and mitigate climate change all around the globe.
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National results only provide a general depiction of average performance and regional results are needed for more targeted interventions.
“illustrating how the many studies (e.g., [34,35,39,43] which discuss national results only provide a general depiction of average performance and that regional results are needed for more targeted interventions.”
From A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
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References 40 · Cited by 199
- Authors
- Shafique, M., & Luo, X.
- Affiliations
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Luo, Xiaowei
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 303
- Pages
- 114050
- ISSN
- 0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200621809
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Vehicle emissions and performance
- Keywords
- battery electric vehicles, life cycle assessment, environmental impact, renewable energy, clean energy, vehicle production, cradle-to-grave, climate change mitigation, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Vehicle Emissions, Electricity, Environment, Life Cycle Stages, Electric Power Supplies, Transportation, Motor Vehicles
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