The shooter bias: Replicating the classic effect and introducing a novel paradigm
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The use of only ten faces may have limited the precision of signal detection measures.
“our mass online testing allowed us to present only ten faces to participants, which may have limited the precision of our signal detection measures (Essien et al., 2017)”
From Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia. (2021) · cites this paper as Essien et al., 2017
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 34 · Cited by 39
- Authors
- Essien, I., Stelter, M., Kalbe, F., Koehler, A., Mangels, J., & Meliß, S.
- Affiliations
- FernUniversität in Hagen (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Essien, Iniobong
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 70
- Pages
- 41-47
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2570931259
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- threat detection, intergroup behavior, close replication, conceptual replication, behavioral control, intergroup relations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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