Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 298

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds: An updated review of their health benefits and potential uses in the food industry

Open access
Unusan, Nurhan·2020·Journal of Functional Foods

Abstract

Grape seeds are rich sources of proanthocyanidins, which comprise polyhydroxyflavan oligomers or polymers. The beneficial health properties of grape seed proanthocyanidins are attributed to their conjugated and colonic metabolites. There is potential for a two-way relationship between the gut microbiota and grape seed proanthocyanidin. In particular, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that grape seed proanthocyanidins appear to exert pharmacological effects. These include anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-osteoarthritis, anti-cancer, and cardio- and eye-protective properties. In this review, it is aimed to summarize the current literature regarding grape seed proanthocyanidins, focusing on the recently proposed mechanisms of action from clinical trials considered to underlie pharmacological and disease-preventing properties, along with their bioavailability, toxicology, and safety with regard to potential utilization in the food industry.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103861

Cites

137 of 137 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

1 retracted

Show all 137 references

Research works printed but not linked: 30

  1. Bogs, 2005, Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves, Plant Physiology, 139, 652, 10.1104/pp.105.064238 · doi:10.1104/pp.105.064238
  2. Caimari, 2015, The intake of a high-fat diet and grape seed procyanidins induces gene expression changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hamsters: Capturing alterations in lipid and cholesterol metabolisms, Genes Nutrition, 10, 438, 10.1007/s12263-014-0438-y · doi:10.1007/s12263-014-0438-y
  3. Chung, 2012, Grape-seed procyanidins inhibit the in vitro growth and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, Pancreas, 41, 447, 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318229da41 · doi:10.1097/mpa.0b013e318229da41
  4. Courraud, 2013, In vitro lipid peroxidation of intestinal bile salt-based nanoemulsions: Potential role of antioxidants, Free Radical Research, 47, 1076, 10.3109/10715762.2013.853877 · doi:10.3109/10715762.2013.853877
  5. Déprez, 1999, Carbon-14 biolabeling of (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidin oligomers in willow tree cuttings, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 4219, 10.1021/jf981380z · doi:10.1021/jf981380z
  6. Derry, 2014, Characterization of azoxymethane-induced colon tumor metastasis to lung in a mouse model relevant to human sporadic colorectal cancer and evaluation of grape seed extract efficacy, Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 66, 235, 10.1016/j.etp.2014.02.003 · doi:10.1016/j.etp.2014.02.003
  7. Dhanalakshmi, 2003, Inhibition of NF-κB pathway in grape seed extract-induced apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, International Journal of Oncology, 23, 721
  8. Geny, 2003, Composition and cellular localization of tannins in grape seeds during maturation, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 8051, 10.1021/jf030418r · doi:10.1021/jf030418r
  9. Gođevac, 2010, Polyphenolic compounds in seeds from some grape cultivars grown in Serbia, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 75, 1641, 10.2298/JSC100519131G · doi:10.2298/jsc100519131g
  10. Hanlin, R., Kelm, M., Wilkinson, K., & O Downey, M. (2011). Detailed characterization of proanthocyanidins in skin, seeds, and wine of Shiraz and cabernet sauvignon wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) (Vol. 59). · doi:10.1021/jf203466u
  11. Jia, 2015, The Effect of Proanthocyanidins on Growth and Alcoholic Fermentation of Wine Yeast under Copper Stress, Journal of Food Science, 80, M1319, 10.1111/1750-3841.12897 · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12897
  12. Kobayashi, 2002, Myb-related genes of the Kyoho grape (Vitis labruscana) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, Planta, 215, 924, 10.1007/s00425-002-0830-5 · doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0830-5
  13. Li, 2011, Effect of Proanthocyanidins on Yeast Metabolism, H+–ATPase Activity, and Wine Fermentation, American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 11021
  14. Li, 2013, Interactions between plasma proteins and naturally occurring polyphenols, Current Drug Metabolism, 14, 432, 10.2174/1389200211314040006 · doi:10.2174/1389200211314040006
  15. Li, 2011, Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulate the NF-κB signal transduction pathways in rats with TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis, Molecules, 16, 6721, 10.3390/molecules16086721 · doi:10.3390/molecules16086721
  16. Luan, 2015, Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins on tumor vasculogenic mimicry in human triple-negative breast cancer cells, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 531, 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.2.531 · doi:10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.531
  17. Murray, 1999, Procyanidolic oligomers, The Textbook of Natural Medicine
  18. Richard, 1981, Epidemiologic characteristics of coronary disease in France, La Nouvelle Presse Medicale, 10, 1111
  19. Romanov-Michailidis, 2012, Epicatechin B-ring conjugates: First enantioselective synthesis and evidence for their occurrence in human biological fluids, Organic Letters, 14, 3902, 10.1021/ol3016463 · doi:10.1021/ol3016463
  20. Said, 2005, Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) modulating radiation-induced oxidative stress on functional and structural performance of eye in male rats, Isotope and Radiation Research, 37, 395
  21. Tesniere, 2006, Analysis of the transcript levels of VvAdh1, VvAdh2 and VvGrip4, three genes highly expressed during Vitis vinifera L. berry development, Vitis-Geilweilerhof, 45, 75
  22. Uchino, 2010, NFκB-dependent regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator by proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract: Effect on invasion by prostate cancer cells, Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis, 21, 528, 10.1097/MBC.0b013e32833a9b61 · doi:10.1097/mbc.0b013e32833a9b61
  23. Vermerris, W. N., R. L. (2008). Phenolic Compound Biochemistry: Springer.
  24. Verries, 2008, Validation of an extraction method on whole pericarp of grape berry (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz) to study biochemical and molecular aspects of flavan-3-ol synthesis during berry development, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 5896, 10.1021/jf800028k · doi:10.1021/jf800028k
  25. Wang, 2013, Dietary grape seed extract ameliorates symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease in IL 10-deficient mice, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 57, 2253, 10.1002/mnfr.201300146 · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300146
  26. Wang, 2011, Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulates the nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways in rats with TNBS-induced recurrent ulcerative colitis, International Immunopharmacology, 11, 1620, 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.024 · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.05.024
  27. Woo, 2011, Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis, Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 43, 561, 10.3858/emm.2011.43.10.062 · doi:10.3858/emm.2011.43.10.062
  28. Zhang, 2012, Inhibitory effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on selenite-induced cataract formation and possible mechanism, Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences], 32, 613, 10.1007/s11596-012-1006-6 · doi:10.1007/s11596-012-1006-6
  29. Zhou, 2011, Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase, Planta Medica, 77, 1575, 10.1055/s-0030-1270957 · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1270957
  30. Zhou, 2015, Proanthocyanidin from grape seed extract inhibits airway inflammation and remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma, Natural Product Communications, 10, 257, 10.1177/1934578X1501000210 · doi:10.1177/1934578x1501000210

Cited by

See all 298

Metadata

Authors
Unusan, N.
Venue
Journal of Functional Foods
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-04
Volume
67
Pages
103861
ISSN
1756-4646 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3008701934
Cited by
298
References
137
FWCI
17.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds: An updated review of their health benefits and potential uses in the food industry. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103861
The paper
Unusan, N. (2020). Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds: An updated review of their health benefits and potential uses in the food industry. Journal of Functional Foods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103861

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.