Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection
Open accessAbstract
In October 2018 a large number of international experts with complementary expertise came together in Taormina to participate in a workshop on occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI). The objectives of the workshop were to review the existing knowledge on OBI, to identify issues that require further investigation, to highlight both existing controversies and newly emerging perspectives, and ultimately to update the statements previously agreed in 2008. This paper represents the output from the workshop.
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Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) has increasingly been recognized to be hepatocarcinogenic via pathways similar to chronic HBV infection, such as viral integration, production of pro-oncogenic proteins, and persistent necroinflammation.
“Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) has increasingly been recognized to be hepatocarcinogenic via pathways similar to chronic HBV infection, such as viral integration, production of pro-oncogenic proteins, and persistent necroinflammation [66].”
From Etiology-Based Treatment for Unresectable/Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Focus on Viral Hepatitis and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (2025) · cites this paper as [66]
Cites
Control of cccDNA function in hepatitis B virus infection
Levrero, M., Pollicino, T., Petersen, J., Belloni, L., Raimondo, G., & Dandri, M. (2009) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.05.022 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
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Global burden of hepatitis B virus: current status, missed opportunities and a call for action
Hsu, Y.-C., Huang, D. Q., & Nguyen, M. H. (2023) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-023-00760-9 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Sun, F. S. K., Wong, J. S. L., Mak, L.-Y., Wong, C. C.-L., Chew, V., Li, B. C. W., Leung, R., Cheung, T. T., & Yau, T. (2025) · Liver Cancer · doi:10.1159/000548536 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In fact, up to 20% of OBIs may be negative for both HBsAg and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) with existing assays [67, 68].”
- Authors
- Raimondo, G., Locarnini, S., Pollicino, T., Levrero, M., Zoulim, F., Lok, A. S., Allain, J.-P., Berg, T., Bertoletti, A., Brunetto, M. R., Bruno, R., Chen, D.-S., Coppola, N., Cornberg, M., Craxì, A., Dandri, M., Di Marco, V., Ferrari, C., Gaeta, G. B., Glebe, D., Guidotti, L. G., Kramvis, A., Lampertico, P., Li, C., Liang, J., Marzano, A., Michalak, T. I., Pawlotsky, J.-M., Prati, D., Puoti, M., Samuel, D., Soriano, V., Squadrito, G., Sureau, C., Trepo, C., & Yuen, M.-F.
- Affiliations
- University of Messina (IT)
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (AU)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SG)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
- Hôpital Paul-Brousse (FR)
- Hospital Universitario La Paz (ES)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (FR)
- Queen Mary Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Raimondo, Giovanni
- ORCID
- Raimondo, Giovanni
- Locarnini, Stephen
- Pollicino, Teresa
- Levrero, Massimo
- Zoulim, Fabien
- Lok, Anna S.
- Allain, Jean-Pierre
- Berg, Thomas
- Bertoletti, Antonio
- Brunetto, Maurizia Rossana
- Bruno, Raffaele
- Chen, Ding-Shinn
- Coppola, Nicola
- Cornberg, Markus
- Dandri, Maura
- Ferrari, Carlo
- Gaeta, Giovanni Battista
- Glebe, Dieter
- Guidotti, Luca G.
- Kramvis, Anna
- Lampertico, Pietro
- Li, Chengyao
- Marzano, Alfredo
- Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel
- Prati, Daniele
- Puoti, Massimo
- Samuel, Didier
- Soriano, Vincent
- Squadrito, Giovanni
- Sureau, Camille
- Yuen, Man-Fung
- Venue
- Journal of Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-08
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 397-408
- ISSN
- 0168-8278 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2938429240
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 22
- FWCI
- 10.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Hepatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Regione Campania
- Università degli Studi di Pavia
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine
- National Taiwan University
- Università degli Studi di Messina
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
- Southern Medical University
- National Institutes of Health (-0001)
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Hepatitis B Virus Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
- Keywords
- occult hepatitis B infection, hepatitis B virus, HBsAg-negative hepatitis B, clinical impact, viral biology, clinical management, expert consensus
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Viral, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B Antibodies, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hepatitis B virus, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver, Liver Neoplasms, Risk Factors
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