The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Shells and ochre in Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: indications for modern behavior
Abstract
Qafzeh Cave, the burial grounds of several anatomically modern humans, producers of Mousterian industry, yielded archaeological evidence reflecting their modern behavior. Dated to 92ka BP, the lower layers at the site contained a series of hearths, several human graves, flint artifacts, animal bones, a collection of sea shells, lumps of red ochre, and an incised cortical flake. The marine shells were recovered from layers earlier than most of the graves except for one burial. The shells were collected and brought from the Mediterranean Sea shore some 35km away, and are complete Glycymeris bivalves, naturally perforated. Several valves bear traces of having been strung, and a few had ochre stains on them.
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A second wave of material evidence is the use of perforated seashells as shell beads starting at between 135,000-90,000 BP in the Levant, 83,000 BP in North Africa, and around 75,000 BP in South Africa; these shells were worn in strings and sometimes covered in red ochre.
“A second wave of material evidence is the use of perforated seashells as shell beads starting at between 135,000 BP-90,000 BP in the Levant (Skhul and Qafzeh, Israel), 83,000 BP in North Africa (Grotte des Pigeons, Taforalt, and Ifri n'Ammar, Morocco), and around 75,000 BP in South Africa (Blombos Cave). These shells were worn in strings around the body; in some cases they were covered in red och”
From The Challenge of Evolution to Religion (2019) · cites this paper as Bar-Yosef Mayer et al., 2009
The shells at Qafzeh were likely obtained through exchange with neighboring groups, given the distance to the coast and absence of other marine resources.
“Given the distance to the coast (about 50 km away), and the absence of other marine resources (such as fish bones), it is likely that these shells were obtained through exchange with neighboring groups (Bar-Yosef Mayer et al., 2009).”
From The Challenge of Evolution to Religion (2019) · cites this paper as Bar-Yosef Mayer et al., 2009
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Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M., & Wilson, A. C. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325031a0 · Cited by 3,100
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Siddall, M., Rohling, E. J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C., Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I., & Smeed, D. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01690 · Cited by 1,626
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Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene
Marean, C. W., Bar-Matthews, M., Bernatchez, J., Fisher, E., Goldberg, P., Herries, A. I. R., Jacobs, Z., Jerardino, A., Karkanas, P., Minichillo, T., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06204 · Cited by 949
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An evolutionary anthropological perspective on modern human origins.
Marean, C. W. (2015) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025954 · Cited by 135
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Stringer, C. B., & Buck, L. T. (2014) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.922616 · Cited by 37
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De Smedt, J., & De Cruz, H. (2019) · Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/9781108685436 · Cited by 33
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Franciscus, R. G., & Holliday, T. W. (2013) · The Origins of Modern Humans · doi:10.1002/9781118659991.ch2 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. E., Vandermeersch, B., & Bar-Yosef, O.
- Affiliations
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Venue
- Journal of Human Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-314
- ISSN
- 0047-2484 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139238074
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 66.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Human Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- Qafzeh Cave, Middle Palaeolithic, modern human behavior, marine shells, Glycymeris, red ochre, perforated shells, Mousterian, human burials, hearths
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Archaeology, Burial, Fossils, Humans, Israel, Mediterranean Sea, Paleontology, Hominidae
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