Performance requirements for electrochromic smart window

Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review

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Transparent and conducting ITO films: new developments and applications

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Fenestration of today and tomorrow: A state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities

Jelle, B. P., Hynd, A., Gustavsen, A., Arasteh, D., Goudey, H., & Hart, R. (2011) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.010 · Cited by 554

Oxide electrochromics: An introduction to devices and materials

Granqvist, C. G. (2011) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.021 · Cited by 437

Smart switchable glazing for solar energy and daylight control

Lampert, C. M. (1998) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/s0927-0248(97)00279-1 · Cited by 271

Heating energy consumption and resulting environmental impact of European apartment buildings

Balaras, C. A., Droutsa, K. G., Dascalaki, E. G., & Kontoyiannidis, S. (2004) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.08.003 · Cited by 262

Windows in the buildings of tomorrow: Energy losers or energy gainers?

Grynning, S., Gustavsen, A., Time, B., & Jelle, B. P. (2013) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.02.029 · Cited by 218

Application issues for large-area electrochromic windows in commercial buildings

Lee, E. S. (2002) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/s0927-0248(01)00101-5 · Cited by 173

Effect of switchable glazing on discomfort glare from windows

Piccolo, A., & Simone, F. (2008) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.08.013 · Cited by 134

Durability evaluation of electrochromic devices – an industry perspective

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Electrochromic Device Composed of a Di-Urethanesil Electrolyte Incorporating Lithium Triflate and 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Gonçalves, M. C., Pereira, R. F. P., Alves, R., Nunes, S. C., Fernandes, M. S. P., Gonçalves, H. M. R., Pereira, S., Silva, M. M. P., Fortunato, E. M. C., Rego, R., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Materials · doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00139 · Cited by 10

Exploring the potential of dynamic façade systems: an exterior shading system versus a switchable window

Kheybari, A. G., & Hoffmann, S. (2020) · Bauphysik · doi:10.1002/bapi.202000034 · Cited by 10

Flexible smart window with controllable visible transmittance and high near-infrared shielding properties doped by CsxWO3/SiO2-SH nanoparticles

Yu, P., He, Z., Zhao, Y., Song, W., & Miao, Z. (2025) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113433 · Cited by 9

Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based HVAC and Electrochromic Window Control Framework

Chen, H., Sun, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yang, H. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15173114 · Cited by 8

Solar spectral management with electrochromic devices including PMMA films doped with biluminescent ionosilicas

Cardoso, M. A., Correia, S. F. H., Gonçalves, H. M. R., Pereira, R. F. P., Pereira, S., Maria, T. M. R., Silva, M. M. P., Valente, A. J. M., Fortunato, E. M. C., Ferreira, R. A. S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-021-05612-z · Cited by 8

Towards the scale-up of solid-state, low-emissive electrochromic films, fabricated on a single substrate with novel electrolyte formulations

Cannavale, A., Pugliese, M., Giannuzzi, R., Scarfiello, R., Prontera, C. T., Primiceri, V., Mazzeo, M., Martellotta, F., Ayr, U., Fiorito, F., et al. (2022) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111760 · Cited by 8

Design, fabrication, and characterization of thermal and optical properties of nano-composite self-cleaning smart window

Vardanjani, M. J., & Karevan, M. (2021) · Optical and Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1007/s11082-021-03250-x · Cited by 8

Adjustable active–passive dual-frequency liquid crystal smart window based on thermally responsive chiral molecules

Lu, Z., Zyryanov, V. Y., & Lee, W. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2024.126383 · Cited by 7

One Million Cycle Durability Test of Electrochromic Devices Using Charge Balance Control

Choi, I.-G., Choi, D., Lee, J.-Y., Lee, M., Park, S.-I., Chun, D., Lee, C. S., & Chu, W. (2019) · International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology · doi:10.1007/s40684-019-00153-x · Cited by 7

Literature Review On Smart Windows In Terms Of Daylight Performance, Visual Comfort and Human Perception

Coğul, I. Ç., & Kazanasmaz, Z. T. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) · doi:10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope57605.2023.10194862 · Cited by 6

NIR‐emitting Electrochromic Windows for Cold Climate Region Buildings

Pinheiro, D., Fernandes, M. S. P., Pereira, R. F. P., Pereira, S., Correia, S. F. H., Silva, M. M. P., Fortunato, E. M. C., Ferreira, R. A. S., Gonçalves, M. C., & Bermudez, V. D. Z. (2023) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.202300479 · Cited by 6

SnOx/Ag/SnOx heat-reflector coatings prepared by DC sputtering

Guillén, C., & Herrero, J. (2020) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-020-03508-1 · Cited by 5

The Effects of Polymerization on the Performance of Viologen-Based Electrochromic Devices

Nucera, A., Rizzuto, C., Pipita, M. M., Castagnaro, I. B., Termine, R., Barberi, R., & Castriota, M. (2024) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels10110694 · Cited by 5

Comprehensive evaluation of different control strategies of electrochromic smart window on improving the building energy, visual and thermal comfort

Lu, Q., Jiang, T., Yang, G., Cai, T., Yang, Y., & Tan, G. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117067 · Cited by 5

Design, fabrication, and testing of an electronic device for the automatic control of electrochromic windows

Papathanasopoulos, D. A., Leftheriotis, G., & Mitronikas, E. D. (2017) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2017.06.012 · Cited by 5

Performance and economic analysis of a Bimetal Automatic Light Adjusting Device- Comparative studies

Li, Z., Chang, J., Zhang, S., Zhao, Y., & Gao, J. (2020) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101678 · Cited by 5

Poly(3-methylthiophene)/Tungsten oxide hybrid materials for highly efficient electrochromic devices

Dülgerbaki, Ç., & Öksüz, A. U. (2021) · Optical Materials · doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111354 · Cited by 5

Rooftop agrivoltaic powered onsite hydrogen production for insulated gasochromic smart glazing and hydrogen vehicles: A holistic approach to sustainable residential building

Hussain, S. N., & Ghosh, A. (2025) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116675 · Cited by 4

Research Progress on the Preparation and Performance of Nickel Oxide Electrochromic Films

Chen, P., Tan, R., Nazir, M., Li, J., & Song, W. (2026) · Nanoenergy Advances · doi:10.3390/nanoenergyadv6010010 · Cited by 4

Optical characterization and thermal performance of a novel solar dryer with dynamic control of solar radiation

García-Moreira, D. P., López‐Vidaña, E. C., Moreno, I., & Rodríguez-Ortíz, D. (2024) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2024.105075 · Cited by 4

Impact of Spectral Irradiance Control on Bioactive Compounds and Color Preservation in Solar-Dried Papaya

García-Moreira, D. P., López‐Vidaña, E. C., Moreno, I., & Delgadillo-Ruíz, L. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13072311 · Cited by 4

Temperature controllable liquid crystal window shutter

Shin, H., Ryu, J. W., Gwag, J. S., Lee, H.-M., Hong, J.-Y., Kim, S.-W., Lee, Y.-S., & Kim, J. M. (2022) · Journal of the Korean Physical Society · doi:10.1007/s40042-022-00422-0 · Cited by 4

Providing an Optimal Execution Model for Windows Based on Glazing to Reduce Fossil Fuel Consumption (Case Study: Asman Residential Complex of Tabriz)

Naser, S. A., Haghparast, F., Singery, M., & Sarbangholi, H. S. (2020) · Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment · doi:10.5829/ijee.2020.11.04.03 · Cited by 4

Hybrid Active–Passive Control of an Unconventional Smart Window Based on Dye‐Doped Dual‐Frequency Liquid Crystal

Sung, G.-F., & Lee, W. (2023) · Advanced Photonics Research · doi:10.1002/adpr.202300275 · Cited by 3

Study of the Correlation among Luminous Properties of Smart Glazing for Adaptive Energy Saving Buildings

Piccolo, A., Prestipino, M., Panzera, M. F., & Baccoli, R. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13020337 · Cited by 3

PDLC film's energy consumption and performance for light filtration system

Keyoonwong, W., Khan-Ngern, W., Ruxsri, P. T. V., & Raksasataya, V. (2018) · International Conference of Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (IC-ICTES) · doi:10.1109/icesit-icictes.2018.8442057 · Cited by 3

Black electrochromic ink with a straightforward method using copper oxide nanoparticle suspension

Jeong, C. Y., Watanabe, H., & Tajima, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34839-9 · Cited by 3

Electrochromic Oxide‐based Materials and Devices for Glazing in Energy‐efficient Buildings

Granqvist, C. G. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527804603.ch5_1 · Cited by 3

Electrochemical Devices | Electrochromic Windows

Niklaus, L., Schott, M., & Posset, U. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96022-9.00017-7 · Cited by 3

Boosting the performances of 100 cm2 laminated WO3–NiO electrochromic device using WO3 covered NiO as counter electrode

Jin, Q., Yang, Y., Chen, Y., Lei, J., & Song, W. (2025) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.04.040 · Cited by 2

REVIEW ON HUMAN-CENTRIC LIGHTING FOCUSING ON SMART SOLID-STATE LIGHTING AND SWITCHABLE GLAZING

Mathew, V., George, A. M., Varghese, S. G., Kurian, C. P., Augustine, N., & George, V. I. (2025) · Journal of Green Building · doi:10.3992/jgb.20.2.199 · Cited by 3

Thermoplasmonic Nanorings for Passive Solar‐Responsive Smart Windows in Energy‐Efficient Building Applications

González, X. B., & Sutherland, D. S. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202518295 · Cited by 2

Improving the cyclic stability of room-temperature-sputtered WO3 electrochromic film via an in-situ electrical annealing initiated by the intrinsic ITO transparent electrode

Cheng, Q., Yang, Y., Chen, C., Ji, X., Du, Y., Li, J., & Song, W. (2026) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.403 · Cited by 2

Probing effect of electron donating groups on benzyl viologen derivatives for electrochromic devices

Liao, J.-Y., Silori, G. K., Hsu, H.-C., & Ho, K. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148778 · Cited by 2

Analysis and optimization of the optimal transmittance range and WWR combination of electrochromic glass

Wen, J., Hu, C., & Meng, X. (2025) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.106992 · Cited by 2

Micro-patterned glass for energy-efficient windows

Jalaly, S., & Shahabadi, M. (2024) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.101762 · Cited by 2

Tailoring WOx:Ti thin films via reactive sputtering: O2 flux optimization at the deflection point for superior flexible ATF-ECDs

Chen, M., Tang, Q., Xie, X., Zhang, S., Wan, M., Shen, K., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Physica B Condensed Matter · doi:10.1016/j.physb.2025.417644 · Cited by 1

Advanced Applications of Electrochromic Devices

Cho, J., Park, T., Park, T., Lee, J. H., Kim, H., & Moon, C. W. (2025) · Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials · doi:10.1007/s42341-025-00687-9 · Cited by 1

Materials, performance, and control strategies for electrochromic windows: a review

Wen, J., Zhang, Z., Fu, W., Mao, W., & Meng, X. (2026) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-026-15709-8 · Cited by 1

Desempenho termoenergético e luminoso de uma edificação de escritório com a utilização de vidros eletrocrômicos

Porto, J. D. S., de Freitas, J. R., Balboni, R. D. C., Treichel, S. Z., da Cunha, E. G., de Mattos, R. S., Leitzke, R. K., Cholant, C. M., & Avellaneda, C. O. (2020) · Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) · doi:10.1590/s1517-707620200003.1106 · Cited by 1

Analysis of the Thermal Characteristics and Energy performance of Electro Chromic Glazing window

Mathew, V., Kurian, C. P., Augustine, N., & Srinivasan, C. R. (2022) · International Journal of Mechanics · doi:10.46300/9104.2022.16.6 · Cited by 1

Investigation of optical and physico-chemical properties of titanium-doped V₂O₅ nanofilms

Aimbetova, I., Jiménez-Castañeda, R., Clavijo-Blanco, J. A., Умиров, Б., & Seitov, B. (2022) · Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources · doi:10.31643/2023/6445.17 · Cited by 1

Preparation of colorful glass/W/V2O5 electrochromic electrodes by magnetron sputtering

Jiang, C., Zhong, L., Zheng, Y., Ge, R., Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Xu, G., & Xiao, X. (2024) · Journal of Physics D Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ad9c8c · Cited by 1

Performance of EC materials for energy retrofit of buildings

Fasi, M. A., & Budaiwi, I. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23974-8.00012-x · Cited by 1

Theoretical background of ideal glazing based on adaptive thermal-optical parameters

Bizoňová, S. (2019) · Selected scientific papers · doi:10.1515/sspjce-2019-0023

Advances of electrochromic and electro-rheological materials

Alves, R., & Silva, M. M. P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818501-8.00003-2

Towards the Scale-Up of Solid-State, Low-Emissive Electrochromic Films with Novel Electrolyte Formulations, Fabricated at Room TemperaturePreprint

Cannavale, A., Pugliese, M., Giannuzzi, R., Scarfiello, R., Prontera, C. T., Primiceri, V., Mazzeo, M., Martellotta, F., Ayr, U., Fiorito, F., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4021950

Liquid Crystals for Dynamic Glazing Show Wider and Evolving Applications

Roscam, F., & Osterodt, J. (2022) · Information Display · doi:10.1002/msid.1301

Processo de tomada de decisão para otimização em conforto térmico e eficiência energética integrando janelas inteligentes e ventilação híbrida nos climas subtropical e tropical.

Suzuki, E. H. (2022) · doi:10.11606/t.3.2022.tde-09092022-143552

Dynamic Electro-, Mechanochromic Materials and Structures for Multifunctional Smart Windows

Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Yin, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09695-2_3

References

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Human-Centric Control of Chromogenic Smart Windows for Balancing Visual Comfort and Energy Efficiency in BuildingsPreprint

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Enhanced electrochromic performance of flexible all-thin-film devices using robust NiOx ion storage layers sputtered under strong magnetic fields

Zhang, S., Ye, J., Chen, M., Shen, K., Wan, M., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.07.355

Dual Deposition Dynamic Windows Based on Reversible Bismuth and Manganese Oxide Electrodeposition

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Full-Scale Unit-Space Measurements and Annual Heating and Cooling Load Evaluation of a Medium Office Building with Different Low-E Coating Configurations of Vacuum Double Glazing

Lee, J.-Y., Kim, D.-S., & Yoon, J.-H. (2025) · KIEAE Journal · doi:10.12813/kieae.2025.25.6.155

Enhancing the Adversarial Attack Resilience of Smart Building Environment Control Based on Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning

Chen, H., Sun, D., & Yang, H. (2025) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc58881.2025.11342916

Energy-saving ZnSe/Ag/ZnSe multilayers for solar-control glazing

Abubaker, R., & Al-Kuhaili, M. F. (2026) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2026.114742

Numerical investigation of the energy saving potential of flippable electrochromic windows with vacuum structures in severe cold region

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An overview of smart windows in Passivhaus design for enhanced energy efficiency and comfort in net-zero buildings

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Optical performance and solar control of wide-bandgap dielectric/Ag/dielectric multilayers for energy-efficient window coatings

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Smart Window 2030: Integration of Electrochromic Glass and Machine Learning Technologies

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Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage and Electrochromic Energy Devices: From Design Strategy to Multifunctional Applications

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Roll‐to‐Roll Processable EC/TC Hybrid Smart Windows Driven by a Bidirectional Dual‐Chromic Polymer Electrolyte

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Smart Glazing - A Cooling Approach for Energy-Efficient Office Buildings in Hot-Arid Climates

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Design of Integrated Electrochromic-Photovoltaic Technology for Smart Windows to Improve Building Performance and Energy Efficiency: A Material Approach

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Predicting Electrochromic Smart Window Performance

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